The aim of this article is to derive a sampling theory in U-invariant subspaces of a separable Hilbert space ℋ where U denotes a unitary operator defined on ℋ. To this end, we use some special dual frames for L2(0, 1), and the fact that any U-invariant subspace with stable generator is the image of L2(0, 1) by means of a bounded invertible operator. The used mathematical technique mimics some previous sampling work for shift-invariant subspaces of L2(ℝ). Thus, sampling frame expansions in U-invariant spaces are obtained. In order to generalize convolution systems and deal with the time-jitter error in this new setting we consider a continuous group of unitary operators which includes the operator U.

Recently, a sampling theory for infinite dimensional U -invariant subspaces of a separable Hilbert space H where U denotes a unitary operator on H has been obtained. Thus, uniform average sampling for shift-invariant subspaces of L 2 (R) becomes a particular example. As in the general case it is possible to have finite dimensional U -invariant subspaces, the main aim of this paper is to derive a sampling theory for finite dimensional U -invariant subspaces of a separable Hilbert space H. Since the used samples are frame coefficients in a suitable euclidean space C N , the problem reduces to obtain dual frames with a U -invariance property.

The equivalence between the absence of arbitrage and the existence of an equivalent martingale measure fails when an infinite number of trading dates is considered. By enlarging the set of states of nature and the probability measure through a projective system of perfect measure spaces, we characterize the absence of arbitrage when the time set is countable.

This paper is concerned with the characterization as frames of some sequences inU-invariant spaces of a separable Hilbert spaceℋwhereUdenotes an unitary operator defined onℋ; besides, the dual frames having the same form are also found. This general setting includes, in particular, shift-invariant or modulation-invariant subspaces inL2ℝ, where these frames are intimately related to the generalized sampling problem. We also deal with some related perturbation problems. In doing so, we need the unitary operatorUto belong to a continuous group of unitary operators.

The classical Kramer sampling theorem provides a method for obtaining orthogonal sampling formulas. Besides, it has been the cornerstone for a significant mathematical literature on the topic of sampling theorems associated with differential and difference problems. In this work we provide, in an unified way, new and old generalizations of this result corresponding to various different settings; all these generalizations are illustrated with examples. All the different situations along the paper share a basic approach: the functions to be sampled are obtaining by duality in a separable Hilbert space H through an H-valued kernel K defined on an appropriate domain.