Bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae was first described in Japan and Korea and is currently an emerging disease that causes major losses in China, Italy, New Zealand, France, Portugal, and Chile. Gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis), especially cvs. Jin Tao and Hort 16A, seem to be more susceptible than green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) cvs. Hayward and Summer. The bacterium affects male and female woody vines equally, with young vines being more susceptible. The most characteristic symptoms that appear in early spring are reddish orange or white exudates associated with cankers and wounds in branches and/or trunk, as well as brown leaf spots. Buds and fruits were also affected (1). In Spain, 1,132 ha of kiwifruit orchards yielded 25,285 t of fruit in 2009 (2). Most Spanish kiwifruit is cultivated in Galicia (northwest Spain), where the main cultivar is Hayward. In 2010, the first plantation of cv. Jin Tao and one plantation of cv. Summer were established in this area close to Hayward woody vine. In early spring 2011, 80% of the vines in one orchard had twigs with reddish exudates and branches and trunks as well as leaves with angular spots surrounded by yellow haloes. Isolations from both Actinidia spp. were conducted on nutrient agar with sucrose. One hundred and twelve isolates were obtained and seventy-seven were aerobic, gram negative and nonfluorescent on King's B medium. Biochemical tests performed were levan, oxidase, potato rot, arginine didhydrolase, hypersensitivity in tobacco, and utilization of 49 carbohydrates by the API 50 CH system (BioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Three PCR protocols were used: two with pathovar-specific primers (PSAF1/PSAR2 and PSAF3/PSAR4) and one with nonspecific primers (PsITSF1/PsITSR2) (3). The results of all biochemical and molecular tests were in agreement with those expected for P. syringae pv. actinidiae. The 16S-23S region of strain EFA 37 isolated from A. deliciosa cv. Summer was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JF815537) and had 100% sequence identity with P. syringae pv. actinidiae (GenBank Accession Nos. AY342165 and D86357). Pathogenicity tests were performed on 15 plants of A. deliciosa cv. Hayward (five plants per isolate) with the Spanish representative strain EFA 37 and compared with two reference strains isolated from both Actinidia species in Italy and five plants of an untreated control. Three buds per healthy vine were wounded with a sterile needle, inoculated with 30 to 50 μl of each bacterial suspension (108 CFU/ml), sealed, and then covered with plastic. Five leaves per healthy vine were also pierced with a sterile needle and then atomized with the same suspension. Symptoms began to appear after 5 days on inoculated vines, but not on untreated control vines. The bacterium, P. syringae pv. actinidiae, was reisolated from symptomatic plants. The kiwifruit orchard with affected plants was eradicated (25 ha). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. syringae pv. actinidiae in Spain. References: (1) EPPO Alert List. Online publication. Retrieved from http://www.eppo.org/QUARATINE/Alert_List , June, 2011. (2) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino (MARM). Anuario de Estadística, Online Publication. Retrieved from http://www.marm.es/estadistica/pags/anuario/2010 , June 2011. (3) J. Rees-George et al. Plant Pathol. 59:453, 2010.
RESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo, a produtividade e a sobrevivência do maracujazeiro-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims) enxertado sobre três porta-enxertos, em área com histórico de morte prematura de plantas. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Adamantina-SP, no período de maio de 2006 a fevereiro de 2007, adotando-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos e sete repetições. Os porta-enxertos avaliados foram Passiflora edulis, P. alata e P. gibertii, utilizando-se da enxertia convencional por garfagem tipo fenda cheia. Avaliaram-se o diâmetro do caule do porta-enxerto e do enxerto, o comprimento do entrenó e dos ramos secundários, o número de ramos terciários e o de frutos, a massa média, o diâmetro e o comprimento médio dos frutos, a produtividade e a sobrevivência de plantas. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso da enxertia no maracujazeiro é uma opção viável como meio de propagação vegetativa, assim como forma de controle de alguns patógenos habitantes do solo, um dos problemas que têm limitado a expansão da cultura. As plantas enxertadas sobre P. edulis apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento inicial, seguido de P. gibertii e de P. alata. A menor produtividade ocorrreu em plantas sobre P. alata. Mesmo com a presença de Fusarium solani e Rotylenchulus reniformis nos solos, 91% das plantas enxertadas sobre P. gibertii sobreviveram após 12 meses de plantio no campo, enquanto em P. alata e P. edulis, esses índices foram de 60% e 8,6%, respectivamente, mostrando assim a maior tolerância às doenças causadas por patógenos habitantes do solo por P. gibertii. Termos para indexação: Passifloraceae, maracujá-amarelo, enxertia, frutificação, controle de doenças. GROWTH, YIELD AND SURVIVAL OF YELLOW PASSION FRUIT GRAFTED AND CULTIVED IN AREA WITH DESCRIPTION OF PREMATURE DEATH OF PLANTSABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetative growth, yield and survival of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) grafted on the three rootstocks in area with description of premature death of plants. The experiment was carried out in Adamantina, SP, Brazil, from May 2006 to February 2007, adopting the statistical design of randomized blocks, with three treatments and seven replications. The rootstocks evaluated were Passiflora edulis, P. alata and P. gibertii, using conventional cleft grafting. The variables evaluated were: stem diameter of the rootstocks, stem diameter of the grafts, length of internodes, length of the secondary branches, number of tertiary branches, number of fruits, average weight of fruits, diameter and length of fruits, yield and plant survival. The work demonstrated that the use of the grafting in yellow passion fruit is a viable option as vegetative propagation, as well as a means of controlling some soil pathogens, one problem that has limited the expansion of culture. It was observed that plants grafted on P. edulis presented better initial vegetative growth, followed of P. gibertii and of P. alata. The lowest yield was o...
RESUMO-Após a colheita do maracujá-amarelo, ocorre aumento na suscetibilidade do fruto às podridões e significativa perda de massa fresca. Diante disso, objetivou-se identificar e quantificar as doenças pós-colheita e avaliar as características físicas e químicas de frutos de maracujazeiro-amarelo produzidos em sistemas de cultivo convencional e orgânico. Os frutos foram individualizados e submetidos a 24h de câmara úmida, permanecendo por mais 13 dias a 25±2ºC e 70-80% de UR. As doenças e o índice de murchamento foram avaliados visualmente após a coleta do fruto e a cada três dias. Os frutos também foram caracterizados quanto à espessura da casca, rendimento em polpa e teores de acidez titulável e de sólidos solúveis. A ocorrência de podridões foi elevada, tanto no pomar orgânico como no convencional. A antracnose foi a principal doença, com 100% de incidência nos frutos de ambos os pomares, seguida pela podridão de Fusarium, com 25,5% no convencional e 19,0% no orgânico. Já para a podridão de Phomopsis, a incidência foi superior no pomar convencional (11,0%), comparado ao orgânico (2,0%). Com auxílio de uma escala diagramática, estimou-se a severidade da antracnose, de 34,1% nos frutos orgânicos e de 39,8% nos frutos do pomar convencional. Os frutos orgânicos apresentaram-se maiores, com maior espessura da casca, menor rendimento em polpa e maior teor de sólidos solúveis. O índice de murchamento não diferiu entre os maracujás dos dois sistemas de cultivo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, medidas de controle fitossanitárias no campo e na pós-colheita devem ser adotadas, visando a obter frutos de maior qualidade. Termos para indexação: Passiflora edulis, doenças, qualidade. POSTHARVEST DISEASES AND PHYSICAL CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YELLOW PASSION FRUIT FROM ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL CROPS IN THE MIDWEST REGION OF SÃO PAULO STATEABSTRACT-After harvested, yellow passion fruit have an increase in rot susceptibility and significant loss of fresh mass. The purposes of this work were to identify and quantify post harvest diseases and to evaluate the physical chemical characteristics of yellow passion fruits grown under conventional and organic cropping systems. Fruits from both cropping systems were individualized and kept in a humid chamber for 24h, previously at 13 days period at 25±2ºC and 70-80% RH. The incidence of diseases and the shrinkage index were visually assessed after fruit gathering and, then, every three days. Fruits were also characterized as to skin thickness, pulp content, titratable acidity and soluble solids content. There was high incidence of post harvest diseases in both conventional and organic cropping systems. Anthracnose was the main disease, with 100% of incidence on fruits from both cropping systems, followed by Fusarium rot, with 25.5% in the conventional and 19.0% in the organic systems. Incidence of Phomopsis rot was higher in the conventional crop (11.0%) than in the organic crop (2.0%). Anthracnose severity was estimated using a diagrammatic scale, and corresponded to 34.1% in organ...
RESUMO. O presente trabalho foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação da APTA/Bauru, Estado de São Paulo, no primeiro semestre de 2007, com o objetivo de avaliar a resistência de duas variedades de maracujá-amarelo, Maguari e Afruvec, ao complexo Fusarium solani-Meloidogyne incognita raça 3. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial de 2 x 4, com quatro ou cinco repetições, sendo a parcela constituída por um vaso com uma planta. Avaliou-se a severidade da fusariose, medindo-se o comprimento da lesão (cm) no colo da planta e o número de galhas no sistema radicular. As duas variedades mostraram-se suscetíveis a F. solani. Apenas na variedade Afruvec, a presença do nematoide resultou em aumento da fusariose. Quanto à reação ao nematoide, 'Maguari' comportou-se como resistente, tanto na presença como na ausência do fungo. Ao contrário, para a variedade Afruvec, a presença do fungo resultou em diminuição da resistência ao nematoide, passando de moderadamente resistente para suscetível.Palavras-chave: Passiflora, Fusarium solani, Meloidogyne incognita, cultivares resistentes.ABSTRACT. Reaction of yellow passion fruit to fusariosis-root-knot nematode complex. The present work was conducted in greenhouse conditions at APTA/Bauru, São Paulo State, during the first semester of 2007, with the objective of evaluating the resistance of two varieties of yellow passion fruit, Maguari and Afruvec, to the Fusarium solani-Meloidogyne incognita race 3 complex. The experimental delineation was entirely randomized in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, with 4-5 repetitions, with the plot constituted by 1 vase containing 1 plant. The appraised parameters in the assay were disease severity, caused by F. solani, measuring the lesion length (cm) in the collar zone of plants and number of galls formed by M. incognita race 3 in the root system. The two varieties of yellow passion fruit showed susceptibility to F. solani. Only in the Afruvec variety, the presence of nematode resulted in increase of fusariosis. As for resistance to the phytonematode, the Maguary variety was classified as resistant in the presence or absence of Fusarium. In contrast, for the Afruvec variety, the presence of Fusarium resulted in reduction of resistance to the nematode, going from moderately resistant to susceptible.
As doenças pós-colheita representam sério obstáculo à cultura da goiaba, uma vez que comprometem a qualidade e a quantidade dos frutos para comercialização. Neste estudo, foram identificadas e quantificadas injúrias mecânicas decorrentes dos processos de colheita e transporte das goiabas. Além disso, avaliou-se a incidência de doenças pós-colheita e pragas em goiabas da cultivar 'Pedro Sato' comercializadas na CEASA-Bauru e em goiabas das cultivares 'Pedro Sato' e 'Paluma' de pomares do Centro-Oeste paulista. Os frutos de goiaba amostrados em quatro etapas da colheita (colheita com luva, sacola do colhedor, contentor e barracão) e na CEASA foram armazenados durante nove dias a 25 ºC. A incidência de injúrias foi avaliada visualmente a cada três dias. A ocorrência de frutos com podridões foi superior na goiaba 'Pedro Sato' (92,0% a 96,6%) comparada a 'Paluma' (77,1%) no fim do armazenamento. A antracnose foi a principal doença nas duas cultivares, seguida pela pinta-preta. A incidência de injúrias mecânicas foi crescente no decorrer das etapas de colheita, entretanto, não influenciaram no aparecimento das podridões. Elevada infestação de moscas-das-frutas foi constatada na goiaba 'Paluma'.
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