Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli of healthy household dogs with an emphasis on extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBL), AmpC-type blactamases and resistance to quinolones. Materials and Methods: Rectal swabs were collected from 74 dogs without any clinical evidence of gastrointestinal disease. Samples were cultured on MacConkey agar plates and MacConkey supplemented with 2 mg/mL cefotaxime or 5 mg/mL ciprofloxacin. Isolates were identified with Vitek 2 Compact and susceptibility testing performed by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was done on isolates resistant to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. PCR amplification was performed to detect CTX-M and CMY-2. Isolates positive for CTX-M and/or CMY-2 were selected for whole-genome sequencing. Results: Multiresistance was detected in 56% of the isolates. A high percentage of resistance was detected for cefazolin (63%), ampicillin (54%), streptomycin (49%), nalidixic acid (42%) and tetracycline (38%). The MIC 50 and MIC 90 for isolates resistant to cefotaxime (24%) was determined as 16 and >250 mg/mL, respectively; for ciprofloxacin (18%), 125 and 250 mg/mL, respectively. ESBL (CTX-M type) and AmpC (CMY-2 type) were detected in 6 (7.1%) and 14 (19%) of the isolates, respectively. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed high genetic diversity in most of the isolates and a large variety of resistance mechanisms, including mobile genetic elements. Conclusion: The frequency of multidrug-resistant E. coli is worrying, mainly because of the presence of many isolates producing ESBL and AmpC b-lactamases. Based on the ''One Health'' concept, considering the relationships between animals, humans, and the environment, these data support the notion that companion animals are important reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes adultos mayores con diagnóstico de infecciones por Clostridium difficile en un hospital geriátrico en Costa Rica con el propósito de contribuir a mejorar su manejo y llevar a una reducción de la morbimortalidad y costos asociados a su atención.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo con información demográfica y clínica de 141 pacientes admitidos en el Hospital Nacional de Geriatría y Gerontología Dr. Raúl Blanco Cervantes de Costa Rica del 2015 al 2018, quienes presentaron una prueba inmunocromatográfica de detección de antígeno y/o toxinas de C. difficile positiva en heces diarreicas. Las variables continuas se compararon mediante una prueba de ANOVA,mientras que las categóricas, por una prueba exacta de Fisher. Los factores de riesgo para cada uno de los grupos se evaluaron por análisis univariante. Los valores de p < 0,05 se consideraron estadísticamente significativos con un 95% de confianza.Resultados: Se estudiaron 141 pacientes con diarrea asociada a C. difficile. Los pacientes tenían una edad promedio de 83 años y 57% eran mujeres. Un 35% de los casos eran de origen comunitario y 27% fueron severos. El consumo de antimicrobianos fue dado principalmente por cefalosporinas y fluoroquinolonas. El tratamiento más utilizado fueel metronidazol (81%) y la mortalidad relacionada con la infección por C. difficile a los 30 días fue de un 35%.Conclusiones: Este es el primer reporte epidemiológico de infección por C. difficileque describe a un grupo de pacientes geriátricos hospitalizados y sus factores de riesgo asociados, que pone en manifiesto un porcentaje importante de casos comunitarios y graves, lo que llama a establecer guías locales y grupos específicos para el tratamiento y prevención de dicha infección.
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