RESUMO As motivações para a busca de soluções e alternativas que podem diminuir o estresse hídrico são evidentemente importantes. Mesmo que renováveis, os recursos hídricos de qualidade e potabilidade são escassos. Como alternativa, o reúso pode ajudar a diminuir o uso de águas potáveis para atividades que não necessitam de potabilidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre água de reúso a partir da definição de alternativa sustentável e racional para o uso da água. Realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico do período de julho a dezembro de 2017 nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online (MedLine), Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Embase e Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Com a revisão bibliográfica foi possível identificar que o tema “reúso” vem sendo debatido para a gestão, a padronização e os riscos associados à utilização. No Brasil, não há uma legislação a nível nacional que regule o uso e determine os padrões de qualidade da água de reúso. No entanto, nas quatro regiões brasileiras foi observado que há sete estados com legislações e normas sobre o tema. Legislações internacionais apresentam uma relação abrangente de parâmetros que podem ser utilizados no debate para a legislação brasileira. Trabalhos produzidos pela comunidade acadêmica fundamentam os riscos sobre esse tipo de água. Publicações científicas sobre água de reúso devem ser estimuladas, assim como legislações mais detalhadas descrevendo os tipos de água de reúso, assim como os padrões de riscos relacionados.
RESUMOComo ações de saneamento são escassas ou inexistentes no meio rural, o monitoramento das fontes de água permite o diagnóstico dos riscos e da precariedade das situações de saneamento. Neste estudo foi monitorado sazonalmente a qualidade da água dos poços da comunidade rural "Cinturão Verde" por meio de análises físico-químicas, colimétricas, e parasitológicas para identificação de fontes de contaminação devido à ausência de meios adequados de saneamento. Foram analisadas amostras coletadas em quatro períodos sazonais e detectados coliformes acima dos padrões de potabilidade do Ministério da Saúde nos poços tubulares em três dos quatro períodos sazonais. Foi detectada também a presença de parasita no período seco. Os parâmetros físico-químicos também estavam fora dos padrões da legislação em algumas estações, e foi constatado que esses riscos eram devido à inexistência de serviços de saneamento como: abastecimento com poços sem tratamento, precariedade de esgotamento e proximidade dos mananciais à criação de animais. Conclui-se que o monitoramento permitiu detectar períodos de riscos no uso de águas dos poços, avaliar diferenças regionais, e a necessidade de medidas de desinfecção da água antes de ser utilizada. Estas medidas de saneamento rural podem garantir a proteção dos mananciais de águas subterrâneas.Palavras-chave:águas subterrâneas, qualidade sanitária, saneamento, saúde ambiental. The monitoring of water wells as health evaluation strategy in RuralCommunity in São Luís City, MA, Brazil ABSTRACTAs sanitation is scarce or nonexistent in a rural environment, the monitoring of water sources allows for the diagnosis of risks and precarious sanitation situations. This study
A 55‐year‐old White woman was first seen in July 1995 with ulceration of the oral mucosa, including the gingiva, labial mucosa, gums, palate and tongue, as well as erosions and blisters on the trunk. A biopsy showed a suprabasal blister with acantholysis. Direct immunofluorescence was positive for intercellular deposits of IgG and C3, and indirect immunofluorescence was positive for intercellular antibodies at a titer of 160. The patient was diagnosed as having pemphigus vulgaris and treated with prednisone 1–1.5 mg/kg/day from 1995 until 1998, but no response was observed (the disease continued to be active with the formation of new lesions). The patient developed a number of steroid‐induced complications including diabetes, osteoporosis, Cushing syndrome, hypertension and high‐output cardiac failure, and required repeated hospitalization. In August 1998 she was started on azathioprine 100–150 mg/day and continued on prednisone 1 mg/kg/day. One year later, in August 1999, the disease was still active with new lesion formation and persistent oral erosions and dysphagia, despite persistent therapy with azathioprine 150 mg/day and prednisone 1 mg/kg/day. Because of the disease severity and the lack of a response to treatment, in October 1999 the patient was started on thalidomide therapy 100 mg/day (1.7 mg/kg/day) and continued the prednisone treatment at 1 mg/kg/day together with azathioprine 150 mg/day (2.7 mg/kg/day). There was a good response, with clearing of all oral lesions in 20 days. The prednisone dose was gradually reduced and was discontinued in May 2000; azathioprine was gradually reduced to 50 mg 3 times/week (0.35 mg/kg/day). Thalidomide was continued at a dose of 100 mg/day. The patient was in total clinical remission, being free of both old and new lesions, for the next 14 months, when the thalidomide treatment was discontinued as a result of side‐effects, including weakness in the legs and paresthesis of the fingers. After the discontinuance of treatment with thalidomide, severe lesions returned. Thalidomide was reintroduced, at 100 mg/day. After 2 months the patient entered total clinical remission and on the last occasion on which she was seen, in May 2003, was found to have remained clear of lesions. The patient continues to take thalidomide at 100 mg/day.
Sanitation actions are rare in the communities of Manguinhos, so evaluation of the sanitary conditions of the river waters and the peridomestic soils of the communities allows the diagnosis of the risk of contamination. This study evaluated coliform levels (total coliforms and Escherichia coli) by the filter membrane method, and parasitological (by adapted Lutz and Baermann-Moraes methods) in the waters and soils of the Faria-Timbó, Jacaré and Canal do Cunha Rivers that pass through the communities of the Territory of Manguinhos, RJ, according to the standards established in Brazilian legislation. In all points of the rivers, the water was unfit, with an average level of Escherichia coli 3,800 times higher than that standardized in CONAMA Resolution No. 274/2000. Larvae, helminths eggs and protozoan oocysts were observed. Soil samples were also unfit, with mean total coliform level 77,000 times higher than that considered acceptable by SMAC Resolution 468/2010. The Escherichia coli average level was 53,000 times higher than that permitted by the legislation. However, helminths eggs were found in only one soil sample. It was concluded that the lack of sanitation in this locality results in the high coliform and parasitological levels of the river waters and in the peridomestic soils, and that immediate modifications are needed to the Brazilian environmental paradigm, which uses its water bodies as sewage disposal ditches.
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