A seca é um fenômeno climático predominante no semiárido brasileiro e os pequenos agricultores enfrentam dificuldades na produção devido à escassez hídrica. Nesse sentido, o Programa Uma Terra e Duas Águas (P1+2), que faz parte do Programa de Formação e Mobilização Social para a Convivência com o Semiárido, surge com o intuito de ampliar a oferta de água para a produção agrícola no semiárido, por meio da captação de água da chuva em cisternas. Para verificar se esse programa está correspondendo ao que foi planejado, este estudo se propõe a avaliar o impacto do P1+2 no semiárido cearense, mais especificamente no município de Iguatu, quanto a seu efeito sob a renda, o emprego e a sustentabilidade na produção dos pequenos agricultores da região, utilizando-se do propensity score matching. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o programa está promovendo melhorias nas rendas agrícola e agropecuária do público beneficiado. No que diz respeito aos empregos e à sustentabilidade da produção, não foi possível obter resultados estatisticamente significantes de average treatment effect on the treated (ATT). Com relação à comparação da média do índice de sustentabilidade na produção entre os beneficiários e não beneficiários, há diferença significativa favorável ao grupo de beneficiários.

The semi-arid region of Ceará is a Brazilian area that is exposed to long and frequent periods of drought. Water scarcity is a threat to the population’s well-being and agricultural activities. We evaluated the effects of graywater reuse for agriculture on income and sustainability of agricultural production in the municipality of Iguatu, located in the semiarid region of the state of Ceará. It is an important research because it deals with a strategy that aims to reduce farmers’ vulnerability to the lack of water. There are no studies that assess the impacts of water reuse in the region. The propensity score matching technique was applied, and primary data were obtained by interviewing beneficiaries (treated group) and non-beneficiaries (control group). The results showed that the program has effects on sustainable agricultural production of small farmers because of the use of non-aggressive agricultural practices. In the group of beneficiaries, the income is 21.9% higher than of that in the group of non-beneficiaries. In addition, families that adopt water reuse have 26.8% higher levels of sustainability than those that do not adopt this strategy of living with drought.

The present work aims to analyze the impact of a government subsidy program of rural insurance in Brazil, (called the Programa de Subvenção ao Prêmio de Seguro Rural - PSR), on the productivity of insured producers in the MATOPIBA region of the country, which encompasses four Brazilian states, Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí and Bahia, between the years 2008 to 2019. For this, municipalities were selected that had at least one insured producer throughout the analyzed period. The variables used were the number of producers, the number of insurance policies, the planted area, the productivity obtained and the insured financial amount of the producers. The methodological procedure was based on Auto-regressive Vectors (VAR) for panel data. The results showed a concentration, of all the variables used in the research, in the state of Bahia, mainly in the municipalities of Formosa do Rio Preto and São Desidério, whose main economic activity is soy production. It was also found that the impulse response functions on productivity obtained through a shock in the other variables, except the planted area variable, the others showed positive initial (short-term) responses until the second year. The average time for responses to smooth over time occurs from the sixth year onwards.

This work aims to assess whether there is a convergence in the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the states of Brazil. To achieve this objective, the Phillips and Sul (2007) time series methodology was employed, testing the hypothesis of global (or common) convergence, using data from the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removal Estimation System (Sistema de Estimativas de Emissões e Remoções de Gases do Efeito Estufa -SEEG), for the period of 1989-2018, which provides the emission, in tons, of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in agriculture and livestock, as well as of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), for changes in land and forest use. Among the main results, the formation of different convergence clubs is suggested, rejecting the hypothesis of global convergence, and thus presenting four convergence clubs for the CO pollutant and three clubs for the CO2, with two divergent states. When analysing the convergence clubs, it was found that there was a significant reduction in CO emissions in all clubs, and while analysing the CO2, only two of the clubs, which were clubs 3 and 4, managed to reduce their emissions.

Unemployment has been approached in research focusing on macroeconomic aspects, but from the microeconomic perspective, the literature is still recent.According to traditional economic theory, there are three types of unemployment which can be distinguished by their generating mechanisms. Following Rainho (2014), there is frictional (or transitional) unemployment, which occurs because of imperfect information, as well as the lack of visibility and transparency in the job market. Seasonal unemployment, which is marked by the variation in the supply and demand of labor for a given cycle,