Results of the prospective study conducted to assess the perinatal risk factors contribution in the asthma phenotypes formation in childhood are presented. Of 712 children, which have been observed from the first wheezing onset in St Petersburg’s state ambulances, 238 children with bronchial asthma developed in later years of life were included in random sample. Bronchial asthma proceeded in the structure of atopic disease in 128 children (phenotype ABA), and as the part of the limited allergic lesion of respiratory tract - in 110 children (phenotype RBA). It was found that bronchial asthma in mother, especially mother’s asthma with the early age onset, pregnancy pathology and maternal Smoking during pregnancy are the most significant risk factors which contribute in formation of ABA asthma phenotype. Maternal Smoking during pregnancy increased the frequency of severe asthma with ABA phenotype in the offspring during next years of their life. Clinically, the ABA phenotype is characterized by more frequent debut at the age of 1 year and usually diagnosed before 7 years of age, the presence of food sensitization in 70-90 % of cases, and a high level of hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Such triggers as the Cesarean delivery, absence of the breastfeeding and exposure to tobacco products in the first years of life are the most significant risk factors in formation of the RBA asthma phenotype. The absence of allergic diseases in both parents or allergic ллерголог in mothers, later age debut and diagnosis of asthma, extremely low frequency of food sensibilization (less than 15 %), high frequency of hyperresponsivity, and low frequency of hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, exceeds the norm in 2 times are the typical features of RBA asthma phenotype.

The review addresses modern methods of electrical stimulation used to regulate the function of external respiration in humans. The methods include abdominal functional stimulation of respiratory muscles, diaphragmatic stimulation, phrenic nerve stimulation, epidural and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation. The physiological rationale of their application is described along with the examples of their use in clinical practice, including stimulation parameters and electrode placement diagrams for each of the methods. We analyze the effectiveness of each of the methods in patients with respiratory muscle paresis and the features of their use depending on the level of spinal cord injury. Special attention is paid to the method of epidural spinal cord stimulation because this technique is widely used in electrophysiological studies on animal models, providing deeper insight into the spinal levels of the functional control of external respiration. The review substantiates the great potential of using the method of transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation both in fundamental studies of external respiration and in clinical practice.

The paper studies the possibility of using a quadrupole gas mass spectrometer as part of a diagnostic complex based on a rotary (mechanorgical) table to assess the effectiveness of the dynamic postural effects on patients. Analysis of the obtained mass spectrograms indicates that the response of patients is individual and can vary significantly. Taking into account the mass spectrometric parameters of exhaled air allows the patient to be assigned to a specific group. Information on the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the patient's exhalation, as well as the analysis of the envelope shape of the measured dynamic mass spectrograms can be used for comprehensive diagnostics of the patient's condition in addition to the data of the main sensors in the complex.

BACKGROUND: Passive postural exertions are used to assess orthostatic tolerance, adaptation to antiorthostatic stress and to identify the physiological effects of prolonged supine. As it was shown earlier, Wobbling Passive Dynamic Postural impacts influence on the state of functional reserves, activating long-term regulatory systems. AIM: The purpose of paper is comparative study of the dynamics of functional indices and calculated physiological indices before and after Wobbling Passive Dynamic Postural exertions and experimental hypokinesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 50 conditionally healthy subjects randomly divided into two groups at a ratio of 3 to 1. The first group (38 of participants) was exposed to the Wobbling Passive Dynamic Postural impacts. The subjects were in supine position for 5 minutes and then were rotated using an automatic turntable for 10 minutes, after which they were to horizontal position for 5 minutes. The angle deflection of the turntable during the Wobbling Passive Dynamic Postural impacts was from 5 to 15 degrees above or below from the base line. The subjects of the second group (12 of participants) were supine on the turntable fixed in the horizontal position for 20 minutes, thus being exposed to voluntary experimental hypokinesia. Anthropometric indices of subjects were measured before the study; functional indices were recorded continuously throughout the test. The entire study was divided into three stages, for which the values of the calculated physiological indices were presented as averages. Statistical analysis of the differences between the measured and calculated indices was performed using nonparametric statistical tests. RESULTS: Application of both types of exertions leads to decrease of the experienced stress and more effective blood circulation, but there are expressed differences. Thus, Wobbling Passive Dynamic Postural impacts are accompanied by a decrease in heart rate, an increase in the adaptive potential, an increase in endurance, which is confirmed by statistically significant changes in the analyzed indices. On the contrary, in the voluntary experimental hypokinesia group, by the end of the 20-minute motionless lying there was a gradual increase in heart rate, decrease in endurance indices and weakening of the adaptive potential. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained with the use of available, previously tested, physiological techniques permit to recommend wobbling passive dynamic postural impacts as a promising method for preventing the harmful effect of hypokinesia. An advanced study of changes in the microvasculature using modern equipment based on Laser Doppler flowmetry will allow verifying the obtained results.

Bronchial asthma (BA) is a multifactorial disease, genetic factors play an important role in its etiopathogenesis. At the same time, data on associations of polymorphic variants of the estrogen receptor gene with BA are quite contradictory. Objective of this research was to study the peculiarities of allele polymorphism frequencies of ER1 and TNF-α genes and their combinations in patients with atopic BA depending on the disease severity. Materials and methods: in the course of a retrospective single-center comparative pilot study by PCR/RFLP analysis, the frequencies of alleles and genotypes for the ER1 and TNF-α genes were determined in 78 prepubertal children (9 [6–13] years) with atopic BA. The population comparison group included 115 people. Results: the study revealed that in BA patients with moderate severity, genotypes Xx (48% and 14%; OR=6,067 CI=[1,653–22,268]), and Pp (94% and 47%, respectively; OR=18,074 CI=[2,319–140,854]) of the ER1 gene were statistically significantly more common than in the comparison group. A statistically significant difference was found in the distribution of genotype combinations for the XbaI and PvuII polymorphisms of the ER1 and –308A genes>G of TNF-α gene polymorphism in patients with BA and in the comparison group (2=31,761, p=0,0043). The frequency of the combined a-PpXx genotype in BA patients was higher than in the comparison group (22% and 3%, OR=11,09, p<0,0001). Conclusion: associations were found between the severity of BA and the genotype of the ER1 gene. The revealed absence of associations of polymorphism of the ER1 gene and BA with gender is probably due to the fact that we observed the direct influence of genetic factors without the influence of hormonal background.