В течение последних лет β-адреноблокаторы относят к препаратам первого выбора. Основное место среди них занимает тимолола малеат, входящий в состав большинства комбинированных препаратов для лечения глаукомы. Применение тимолола малеата в клинической практике может сопровождаться развитием серьезных нежелательных побочных реакций со стороны различных органов и систем. Фармакодинамические эффекты тимолола малеата многообразны, поскольку клетки, содержащие β-адренергические рецепторы, широко представлены во всем организме. В связи с нежелательными побочными эффектами тимолола малеат нередко вызывает негативное отношение как у офтальмологов, так и у пациентов, что в определенной мере ограничивает его применение в офтальмологической практике. Очевидно, что эффективность и безопасность терапии тимололом зависят от индивидуальных особенностей пациента, в связи с чем его использование требует персонализированного подхода к каждому больному. Подобный индивидуальный подход, лежащий в основе персонализированной медицины, позволяет повысить эффективность и безопасность применения тимолола, а также сократить расходы на лечение пациента за счет применения целевых доз препарата.
Objectives Timolol maleate is used for the treatment of glaucoma and metabolized by cytochrome CYP2D6 in the liver. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the influence of CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*10 gene polymorphisms on the safety of medications containing 0.5% of timolol maleate as glaucoma treatment in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods 105 patients with POAG were prescribed glaucoma medications, containing 0.5% timolol maleate. The safety of glaucoma treatment was determined by electrocardiography (ECG) (to assess heart rate (HR) and PQ interval) and blood pressure (BP) measurements. The real-time polymerase chain reaction method was used for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Results The risk of adverse drug reactions was higher in patients with the CYP2D6*4 GA genotype compared with GG: mean HR change at 1 month (2.88 ± 4.68 and 6.44 ± 5.57, p<0.001) and 6 months (5.14 ± 8.93 and 7.88 ± 5.65, p<0.001), mean PQ interval change at 1 (0.01 ± 0.031 and 0.02 ± 0.022, p=0.003) and 6 months (0.01 ± 0.032 and 0.02 ± 0.024, p=0.003). The risk of adverse drug reactions was higher in patients with the CYP2D6*10 CT genotype compared with CC: mean HR change at 1 month (2.94 ± 4.65 and 6.34 ± 5.66, p<0.001) and 6 months (5.20 ± 8.90 and 7.78 ± 5.75, p<0.001), mean PQ interval change at 1 (0.01 ± 0.032 and 0.02 ± 0.021, p=0.014) and 6 months (0.01 ± 0.033 and 0.02 ± 0.022, p=0.014). Conclusions CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*10 gene polymorphisms may affect a higher risk of timolol-induced bradycardia and increased PQ interval of treatment medications containing 0.5% of timolol maleate in patients with POAG.
At present, taking into account the widespread application of pharmacogenetics’ achievements to all branches of medicine, it has become possible to conduct such research in ophthalmology. At the moment, the studies on the most broadly used glaucoma medications have been carried out. The correlations between patients’ genotypes and the frequency of occurrence of adverse side effects have been found. The further exploration of the pharmacogenetics of the glaucoma medications and the introduction of pharmacogenetic testing will enable ophthalmologists to assign a rational, safe, and effective treatment in the short time, which will considerably improve the quality of provided aid.
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