Objective of Study: The objective of this study is to have an insight on student’s attitudes regarding histology’s clinical relevance in public and private sector medical college. Methodology: A cross sectional survey for attitude analysis towards histology’s clinical importance was carried out among 200 third year medical students from private and public sector medical college. Thurdstone and Chave attitude analysis questionnaire was employed to find the attitude score. Results: Students of both public and private sector medical college show scepticism towards the clinical importance of histology. There was no marked difference in the attitudes of students of public and private sector medical college. Most data remained on the borderline of the attitude scale employed. Conclusion: This study provided useful information for the teachers that students do not appreciate the clinical importance of histology much. Teachers need to devise strategies and to work on the students helping them comprehend the importance of histology.

Background: Infertility is a very common health problem among middle-aged hypertensive individuals on beta-blocker therapy. With advancing research, it is observed that almonds can enhance the fertility index. Aim: To find that how almonds (prunus Amygdalus), cardioselective beta blocker and combined preparation of both these can affect serum testosteronein mice. Methods: This study was done in the Physiology Department, Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad. Some part of this project was done inNational Institute of Health, Islamabad along with the Centre for Research in Experimental and Applied Medicine (CREAM) Laboratory, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, and Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad. It was an Animal based experimental study. This study was conducted from December2014 to March 2015. 120 Balb-c mice were selected for our study according to the predefined setcriteria and four groups were made, each group consisting of 30 mice. Group A was the control group, atenolol was given to group B, almonds to group C, and atenolol plus almonds to group D. Serumtestosterone was measured after 3 months. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17 and mean±standard deviation was determined. For difference, statistical significance was calculated after applying one way ANOVA. The p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: In group A serving as control mean testosterone was found to be 1.58±0.69IU/L. Mean serum testosterone in B-group (Atenolol) was 0.43±0.27 IU/L. In group C (Almonds) it was 3.77±2.64 IU/Lwhich was significantly increased. In group D (almond+Atenolol) serum testosterone level was1.82±1.00 IU/L that is elevated but non-significantly in comparison to the control group. Conclusion: Almonds increase mean testosterone and atenolol lead to adecrease init. It is thus concluded that almondscan revert the changes induced by atenolol. Keywords: Almonds, Testosterone, Atenolol, Hypertension, Infertility.

Aim: To detect lead in breast milk of mothers working in agricultural farms adjacent to Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Study design: Descriptive study Methods: This study was conducted in the Physiology and cell biology department of, University of Health Sciences (UHS), Lahore after obtaining consent from ethical review board of UHS, Lahore. Total 91 lactating female farm workers were selected for this study who had been working in the farm for one year in last three years. Five to six ml of breast milk was obtained from each lady. Samples underwent the process of dry digestion at 500°C for 4 hours. White ash obtained was mixed with deionized solution and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy was used to detect the lead levels in milk samples of nursing mothers Results: Out of 91 samples, lead levels were detected in 42 samples (46.15%). The mean (mean±SD) values of milk lead (n=42) were 781.49±1034.33µg/l. Family history of intellectual disability was significantly associated with milk concentrations of lead (p = 0.046). Conclusion: Present study concludes that the level of milk lead is found to be considerably higher in nursing mothers working in agricultural farms as compared with the levels reported by others from different countries. Key words: Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, lead, breast milk, graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry technique

Aim: To investigate serum estradiol levels during first trimester. Methods: It was a descriptive, cross-sectional study, conducted on pregnant women between 18 to 35 years of age presenting during first trimester in obstetric unit of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Ultrasonography was done to confirm the viability of fetus. 53 women with nonviable pregnancy were included Group 1 and 28 women with viable fetus and no complication were included in Group 2. Those having any systemic illness or history of estrogen intake were excluded. Using aseptic measures, venous blood samples were taken, and serum was separated. Serum estradiol levels were measured by using immunoenzymometric assay (EIA). Median serum Estradiol levels were compared. Receiver operative characteristics (ROC) curve was plotted. Results: Median serum estradiol levels of women with viable pregnancy 150.49 ng/mL (71.01-393.75) were significantly higher than abortion group 9.96ng/mL (2.87-37.7). A cut off value 47.9ng/ml of serum estradiol is 82% sensitive and 81% specific for a viable pregnancy. Conclusion: Optimal serum estradiol levels are necessary for viability of pregnancy. Keywords: Estradiol, pregnancy, abortion, first trimester, early pregnancy failure.