Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de campo utilizada para determinar as emissões de biogás através das camadas de cobertura de aterros de resíduos sólidos urbanos, por meio de ensaios simples, diretos e de baixo custo. Os resultados obtidos nesses estudos indicaram que o fluxo de metano (CH4) pode atingir valores de até 150 kg/m². ano, o que representa 630 mil toneladas do CO2eq por ano em um simples aterro de 20 hectares. A espessura da camada de cobertura, que variou entre 0,2 e 0,7 m, não foi um fator relevante nas emissões medidas, enquanto que as pressões de biogás no contato camada-lixo, com valores acima de 500 Pa, favorecem a formação de microfissuras no solo da camada de cobertura, o que eleva as emissões de gases nesses pontos.
Landfill cover layers are built to prevent the release of gases into the atmosphere and the inflow of liquids into the landfill, minimizing impacts on the environment. This study evaluated, through the testing of soil columns in the laboratory, the performance of two cover layers, comprehending the behavior of the soils as a function of methane emissions and liquid flows in its interior. Two configurations were used in the soil layer: Column 1, conventional layer with compacted soil of 0. 60 m thickness and 80% degree of compaction;and Column 2, oxidative layer with 0.30 m thickness of soil and 80% degree of compaction, stuck by a layer of 0.30 m of mixed soil with composted product in the volume ratio of 1:1 with 76% degree of compaction. After the confection of the columns (0. 60 m in height and 0. 15 m in diameter), methane gas was injected into the inferior part of the columns with a concentration of 100% at a flow rate of 0.5 L/h (8.3 mL/min or 486 g/m2.day) to evaluate the emission reduction. Subsequently, a rain of 40 mm was simulated -being 30 mm in one day and 10 mm three days after the first simulation -, and both the methane emissions and the infiltration of water in the columns were evaluated.The obtained results indicate that the two column configurations of landfill cover layers presented satisfactory results, reducing the volume of liquids into the landfill and minimizing the methane emissions into the atmosphere.It is observed that Column 2 (0.30 m of soil + 0.30 m of soil + composted product) was more efficient in the reduction of emissions, as well as in the retention capacity of water in relation to Column 1 (0. 60 m of soil), suggesting that oxidative layers can become a technological alternative for regions where there is scarcity of clay soils.
Os aterros sanitários representam uma fonte potencial de geração de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) para atmosfera, causada por sistemas inadequados de coleta e tratamento do biogás e emissões descontroladas pelas camadas de cobertura. Nos últimos anos tem sido pesquisadas camadas de cobertura que favorecem a oxidação do metano, nos casos onde a captação e exploração desse biogás não sejam economicamente viáveis. Neste sentido, as camadas de cobertura mais conhecidas são as denominadas metanotróficas, que funcionam com base em determinadas características do solo, presença de metano e micro-organismos, de forma a oxidar esse gás ao longo do perfil do solo. Esse trabalho apresenta os resultados do estudo realizado na camada de cobertura do tipo metanotrófica implantada na Célula Experimental localizada no Aterro da Muribeca, Recife-PE. A metodologia utilizada para na análise de emissões de biogás foi baseada em ensaios de campo para determinação do fluxo de metano e gás carbônico. Além disso, foram feitas medidas de concentração desses gases a cada 10 cm, desde a interface solo/resíduo até a superfície, e coletadas amostras de solo para avaliar a influência das características físico-químicas do material na retenção e/ou oxidação do metano. Os resultados têm demonstrado uma emissão de metano variando de 0 a 151,95 g/m2.dia e uma redução da concentração de metano baseada na relação entre CO2 e CH4, variando de 34% a 100%, desde a interface solo/resíduos até a superfície. Dessa forma, as camadas do tipo metanotrófica ou oxidativas têm sido mais recentemente, utilizadas como alternativas às camadas convencionais de solo compactado, para o gerenciamento de emissões de gases de efeito estufa em aterros sanitários.
Leachate is a highly contaminating liquid generated in landfills, it is one of the main environmental challenges, especially with regard to its treatment, since its varied composition makes it difficult to choose a continuously efficient treatment. Without the proper treatment, it can cause contamination of the soil and surface and underground water resources. In this context, the present study carried out an analysis of the efficiency of the treatment of leachate generated in the landfill in the city of Maceió-AL, verifying its behavior over the years of operation, in addition to possible complications in its treatment. The information was obtained through on-site visits, as well as through secondary data provided by the Superintendency of Urban Cleaning of Maceió (SLUM). As for the treatment of leachate generated in the landfill in Maceió, there were many variations in the efficiencies obtained during the periods, which demonstrates the complexity in the treatment of leachate, especially in a landfill in operation, requiring the adoption of improvements over time. in order to get better results. The biological and coagulation, flocculation and decantation processes provided better performance in the treatment of leachate, obtaining an average global efficiency of 98.79%, 95.45% and 93.42% in removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), demand chemical oxygen (COD) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen, respectively.
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