Background Transmission within families and multiple spike protein mutations have been associated with the rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We aimed to: (1) describe full genome characterization of SARS-CoV-2 and correlate the sequences with epidemiological data within family clusters, and (2) conduct phylogenetic analysis of all samples from Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia and other countries. Methods The study involved 17 patients with COVID-19, including two family clusters. We determined the full-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 using the Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencer. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a dataset of 142 full-genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from different regions. Results Ninety-four SNPs were detected throughout the open reading frame (ORF) of SARS-CoV-2 samples with 58% (54/94) of the nucleic acid changes resulting in amino acid mutations. About 94% (16/17) of the virus samples showed D614G on spike protein and 56% of these (9/16) showed other various amino acid mutations on this protein, including L5F, V83L, V213A, W258R, Q677H, and N811I. The virus samples from family cluster-1 (n = 3) belong to the same clade GH, in which two were collected from deceased patients, and the other from the survived patient. All samples from this family cluster revealed a combination of spike protein mutations of D614G and V213A. Virus samples from family cluster-2 (n = 3) also belonged to the clade GH and showed other spike protein mutations of L5F alongside the D614G mutation. Conclusions Our study is the first comprehensive report associating the full-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 with the epidemiological data within family clusters. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three viruses from family cluster-1 formed a monophyletic group, whereas viruses from family cluster-2 formed a polyphyletic group indicating there is the possibility of different sources of infection. This study highlights how the same spike protein mutations among members of the same family might show different disease outcomes.

No abstract

Background: There is a lack of data on modifiable coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors in the Indonesian population, hindering the implementation of assessments and prevention programs in this population. This study investigated modifiable risk factors for CAD among Indonesians by comparing them between CAD-proven patients and healthy subjects from a similar population. Methods: In this nested, matched case-control study, the cases were patients from a referral hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia and the controls were respondents in a population surveillance system in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The cases were 421 patients who had undergone coronary angiography, showing significant CAD. The sex- and age-matched controls were 842 respondents from the Universitas Gadjah Mada Health and Health and Demographic Surveillance System Sleman who indicated no CAD presence on a questionnaire. The modifiable CAD risk factors compared between cases and controls were diabetes mellitus, hypertension, central obesity, smoking history, physical inactivity, and less fruit and vegetable intake. A multivariate regression model was applied to determine independent modifiable risk factors for CAD, expressed as adjusted odds ratios (AORs).Results: A multivariate analysis model of 1,263 subjects including all modifiable risk factors indicated that diabetes mellitus (AOR, 3.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.09–5.28), hypertension (AOR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.76–3.60), former smoking (AOR, 4.18; 95% CI, 2.73–6.39), physical inactivity (AOR, 15.91; 95% CI, 10.13–24.99), and less fruit and vegetable intake (AOR, 5.42; 95% CI, 2.84–10.34) independently and significantly emerged as risk factors for CAD.Conclusions: Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, former smoking, physical inactivity, and less fruit and vegetable intake were independent and significant modifiable risk factors for CAD in the Indonesian population.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potential biomarker of endothelial dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate ET-1 level in CAD patients and its relationship with DM. The cross-sectional design included subjects with angiographically proven CAD and controls among Indonesian. DM was defined by medical history and anti-diabetics use. Serum ET-1 level was measured in both subject groups. We recruited 305 subjects, 183 CAD patients and 122 controls. CAD subjects had higher percentage of males, DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, family history of cardiovascular disease, and obesity. ET-1 level was significantly higher in CAD than in controls (2.44 ± 1.49 pg/mL vs. 1.76 ± 0.83 pg/mL; p < 0.001). Increased ET-1 level was significantly associated with DM and dyslipidemia. The highest ET-1 level was observed in CAD with DM, followed by CAD non-DM (2.79 ± 1.63 pg/mL vs. 2.29 ± 1.40 pg/mL; p = 0.023). Among controls, ET-1 level was the lowest in non-DM subjects. Female CAD had higher proportion of DM; however, ET-1 level was similar to male CAD with DM. In conclusion, an increased ET-1 level was significantly associated with DM in patients with CAD. Further research should investigate the potential role of ET-1 receptor antagonists in the secondary prevention of CAD with DM.

Background and aim: The combination of environmental and genetic factors accounts for the developing of hypertension. Excessive salt intake and accumulation in the kidney can increase plasma volume and lead to high blood pressure. Sodium is consumed in various ways, such as cooking, processing and seasoning, This study was designed to verify the relationship between salt usage behaviour and blood pressure.Method: This cross-sectional study data were collected from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System in Sleman Regency from 2021 - 2022. The blood pressure were measured three times by an automatic blood pressure measuring device and the average values were recorded. Salt usage behaviors were surveyed by salt preference questionnaire. Relationships between salt consumption and hypertension were analyzed in SPSS ver. 26 for data analysis.Results: Among 1061 enrolled subjects (481 male and 580 female) with an average age of 59.19 +– 9.15 years old (p = 0.000). The highest systolic blood pressure was 221 mmHg and mean systolic blood pressure 140.20 +– 23.28 mmHg. Increase heart rate, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio in hypertensive subjects were shown significant statistically (p = 0.000). The correlation between hypertension and salt usage behavior did not significantly differ between patients who used soy sauce before meal, additional of seasoning salt when cooking at home, consume salty snacks, and salt/ salty sauce that has been consumed with p = 0.039, p = 0.98, p = 0.82, p = 0.30, respectively.Conclusion: These findings suggest that high salt intake does not independently associated with increased blood pressure in this population. Additional larger-scale and objective measurement of salt intake are needed for further clarification.