Objective To assess causes, trends and substandard care factors in maternal mortality in the Netherlands.Design Confidential enquiry into the causes of maternal mortality.Setting Nationwide in the Netherlands. Main outcome measures Maternal mortality.Results The overall maternal mortality ratio was 12.1 per 100 000 live births, which was a statistically significant rise compared with the maternal mortality ratio of 9.7 in the period 1983-1992 (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.5). The most frequent direct causes were (pre-)eclampsia, thromboembolism, sudden death in pregnancy, sepsis, obstetric haemorrhage and amniotic fluid embolism. The number of indirect deaths also increased, mainly caused by an increase in cardiovascular disorders (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.6). Women younger than 20 years and older than 45 years, those with high parity or from nonwestern immigrant populations were at higher risk. Most substandard care was found in women with preeclampsia (91%) and in immigrant populations (62%).Conclusions Maternal mortality in the Netherlands has increased since 1983-1992. Pre-eclampsia remains the number one cause. Groups at higher risk for complications during pregnancy should be better identified early in pregnancy or before conception, in order to receive preconception advice and more frequent antenatal visits. There is an urgent need for the better education of women and professionals concerning the danger signs, and for the training of professionals in order to improve maternal health care.

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Objective  To determine the risk of maternal mortality and serious maternal morbidity because of major obstetric haemorrhage in Jehovah’s witnesses in the Netherlands. Design  A retrospective study of case notes. Setting  All tertiary care centres, general teaching hospitals and other general hospitals in the Netherlands. Sample  All cases of maternal mortality in the Netherlands between 1983 and 2006 and all cases of serious maternal morbidity in the Netherlands between 2004 and 2006. Methods  Study of case notes using two different nationwide enquiries over two different time periods. Main outcome measures  Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and risk of serious maternal mortality. Results  The MMR for Jehovah’s witnesses was 68 per 100 000 live births. We found a risk of 14 per 1000 for Jehovah’s witnesses to experience serious maternal morbidity because of obstetric haemorrhage while the risk for the total pregnant population was 4.5 per 1000. Conclusions  Women who are Jehovah’s witnesses are at a six times increased risk for maternal death, at a 130 times increased risk for maternal death because of major obstetric haemorrhage and at a 3.1 times increased risk for serious maternal morbidity because of obstetric haemorrhage, compared to the general Dutch population.