A bifunctional nanocatalyst composed of iron containing SBA-15 material modified with sulfonic acid groups was synthesized by a mechanochemical approach. A full characterization of the obtained nanocatalyst was performed by N2 physisorption isotherms analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The mechanochemically synthesized nanocatalyst displays a high isoeugenol conversion to vanillin under mild conditions using H2O2 as oxidizing agent. Interestingly, this conversion resulted to be higher than that one obtained with the same material synthesized by an impregnation method. Additionally, the nanocatalyst showed excellent reusability over four successive runs under the studied reaction conditions.

CuO/MgAl2O4 and CuO/MgFe2O4 catalysts were successfully synthesized with the use of spinel supports by a very simple and low-cost mechanochemical method. High-speed ball-milling was used to synthesize these catalyst supports for the first time. Materials were subsequently characterized by using XRD, FESEM, TEM, EDS-Dot mapping, XPS, BET-BJH, and Magnetic Susceptibility to investigate the physical-chemical characteristics of the catalysts. Acidity evaluation results indicated that the catalyst with the Mg-Al spinel support had more acid sites. XRD results showed a successful synthesis of the catalysts with large crystal sizes. Both catalysts were used in isoeugenol oxidation and vanillyl alcohol to vanillin reactions, with the CuO/MgAl2O4 showing optimum results. This catalyst provided 67% conversion (74% selectivity) after 2 h and this value improved to 81% (selectivity 100%) with the second reaction after 8 h. The CuO/MgFe2O4 catalyst in the first reaction after five hours revealed 53% conversion (47% selectivity) and after eight hours with the second reaction, the conversion value improved to 64% (100% selectivity). In terms of reusability, CuO/MgAl2O4 showed better results than the CuO/MgFe2O4 catalyst, for both reactions.

Zn-Co double metal cyanide (DMC) catalysts were prepared by varying the initial amounts of ZnCl2 to analyze the influence of method of preparation on the different copolymerization parameters. Synthesized catalysts were analyzed by different techniques, infrared spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, N2-physisorption and X-ray diffraction to determine whether characteristics affect the catalytic activity. The copolymers were characterized by infrared spectrometry and gel permeation chromatography. Highly active catalyst (2.5 kg polymer/g catalyst) was synthesized, low amounts of cyclic carbonate byproduct were produced (0.4 %) with medium crystallinity catalysts and considerable amounts of K + (0.4% to 1.0%wt).

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