Espanha. (Este artigo segue as regras anteriores ao novo acordo ortográfico.)Palavras-chave: Plataformas -economia colaborativa -comércio electrónico.Sumário: 1. Introdução. De que falamos quando falamos de plataformas electrónicas. 2. Ensaio de uma tipologia das plataformas electrónicas. 3. As plataformas "colaborativas". 4. A isenção de responsabilidade dos "prestadores de serviços da sociedade de informação". 5. Evolução: a Proposta de um Regulamento relativo a um mercado único de serviços digitais (Regulamento Serviços Digitais). Referências.
Clima estável: a urgência de um direito, a propósito do caso
Milieudefensie et al. v. Royal Dutch Shell
EditorialStable climate: the urgency of a right, apropos the Milieudefensie et al. v.
The number of fraudulent payment transactions is increasing over Europe. In many cases it remains impossible to recover the amounts from the fraudster, so that the question arises whether the payment service provider (PSP) or the payment service user (PSU) must bear the risk. Within the EU, the second Payment Services Directive (PSD2) allocates liability between the PSU and the PSP. Important concepts when allocating liability are gross negligence and strong customer authentication. Equally important is the question who bears the burden of proof.
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