Two‐dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenides have emerged as promising materials for supercapacitors and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) applications. Herein, the molybdenum sulfide (MoS2)@vanadium sulfide (VS2) and tungsten sulfide (WS2)@VS2 hybrid nano‐architectures prepared via a facile one‐step hydrothermal approach is reported. Hierarchical hybrids lead to rich exposed active edge sites, tuned porous nanopetals‐decorated morphologies, and high intrinsic activity owing to the strong interfacial interaction between the two materials. Fabricated supercapacitors using MoS2@VS2 and WS2@VS2 electrodes exhibit high specific capacitances of 513 and 615 F g−1, respectively, at an applied current of 2.5 A g−1 by the three‐electrode configuration. The asymmetric device fabricated using WS2@VS2 electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 222 F g−1 at an applied current of 2.5 A g−1 with the specific energy of 52 Wh kg−1 at a specific power of 1 kW kg−1. For HER, the WS2@VS2 catalyst shows noble characteristics with an overpotential of 56 mV to yield 10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slope of 39 mV dec−1, and an exchange current density of 1.73 mA cm−2. In addition, density functional theory calculations are used to evaluate the durable heterostructure formation and adsorption of hydrogen atom on the various accessible sites of MoS2@VS2 and WS2@VS2 heterostructures.

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Background: Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D is a biomarker used to assess an individual's vitamin D status. Bone health, immune function, calcium and phosphate metabolism is crucially regulated by the vitamin D. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death world widely. Many studies have shown that the vitamin D plays potential role cardiovascular diseases prevention. Study design: It is a prospective study conducted at Rawal Institute of health sciences, Islamabad for the duration of six months from July 2022 to December 2022. Material and Methods: The review board committee of the hospital approved the study. In the given study, a total of 300 patients were selected. All these patients were included in this study according to the inclusion criteria. The statistical analysis was conducted. The multivariable Cox regression analysis was done. The immunoassays analyzer was used for vitamin D status assessment. Results: The average age of the patients were ranging from 56 to 63 years and all of them were suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Different patterns like qualification, educational history with regard to awareness, Smoking patterns, Diabetic medications, and duration of cardiovascular diseases were considered in this study. Conclusion: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and all-cause mortality are inversely related. The risk of all-cause mortality is lower in the participants with higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations than those with lower concentrations. Keywords: Hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular diseases.

Background: Hypothyroidism was the diagnosed and treated as a result of health related quality of life issues. The aim of this study was that to evaluate the effect of IL-36 γ, Tg-Ab and TOP-Ab in the Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (HT). Study design: This was a cross sectional study conducted at Rawal Institute of health sciences, Islamabad duration of study was six month, from April 2022 to September 2022. Methods: A total number of the patients was n=150 which divided into two group, control and HT group. To perform EISA for the estimation of free triiodothyronine 3, 4 (FT3, FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TOP-Ab) and thyroid globulin antibody (Tg-Ab). The data was analyzed by SPSS 21. Results: The serum IL-36γ show correlation with the TOP-Ab and FT3 in HT. The IL-36γ was significantly higher in HT as compared to the control group; p<0.001**. The IL-36γ show significant negative correlation with TOP-Ab (<0.001**, r-0.126) and non- significant positive correlation with FT3 (0.321, r= + 0.28) in HT patients. The Tg-Ab was show non- significant correlation with IL-36 γ; (P<=0. 928, r = 0.323). Conclusions: IL-36 γ is diagnostic marker and show negative correlation with TPO-Ab in the patient serum of HT. Il-36 γ had significantly high in the HT patients. IL-36 γ may involve to the progression of pathogenesis and enhance the inflammatory responses. In HT, Tg-Ab was significantly reduced than TPO-Ab but both contribute to the production of thyroid hormones. Keywords: Interleukin, Thyroxin, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Peroxidase.

Background: Dengue fever is a common virus that has rapidly spread to all parts of the world. Dengue causes two critical disease dengue shock syndrome and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Aim: To determine whether vitamin D levels and the severity of dengue are linked in any way. Study design: Cohort study Place and duration of study: Department of Medicine, Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi from 15-08-2022 to 15-11-2022. Methodology: The patient's sample was collected to monitor the complete blood picture, including total leukocyte count and hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, etc. The severity of dengue was assessed by looking at platelet counts and hematocrit. Results: The mean age was 29.19±16.80 years. There were 51% females and 49% males in the study. Vitamin D levels and platelet levels were weakly correlated with each other (rs= -.408, p= .000). There was a strong, negative correlation between Hb and Vitamin D levels, which was statistically significant (rs= -.704, p= .000). Similarly, hematocrit and highest MCHC also had a strong inverse significant correlation with Vitamin D level (rs= .698, p = .000 and rs= .751, p= .000, respectively). Surprisingly, there were significantly higher vitamin D levels in severe dengue patients than in non-severe ones (p<0.01). Conclusion: Vitamin D levels were higher in severe dengue cases compared to less severe ones, indicating a possible role of vitamin D as a cofactor for predicting disease severity. It is suggested that maintaining an ideal vitamin D level can help avoid the progression of asymptomatic dengue to dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Keywords: Vitamin D, Biochemical severity markers, Dengue