No abstract

No abstract

Citrus limetta peels (CLP), a waste material generated by juice industries, has scarcely been reported for the production of yeast enzymes. The study was conducted to obtain a multienzyme preparation from a yeast consortium under solid-state fermentation of CLP. The substrate, CLP, was pretreated using either acid or alkali, and factors affecting production of multienzyme were studied by generating two separate Plackett–Burman designs. Since, alkali-pretreated CLP yielded higher titers; therefore, significant factors affecting multienzyme preparation using this substrate were optimized by employing Box–Behnken design. The analysis revealed that under optimized conditions, i.e., cultivation of yeast strains for 72 h to alkali-pretreated CLP moistened with mineral salt medium having pH 5 yielded more than 10 IU mL−1 of cellulase, xylanase, and amylase. The multienzyme was studied for its application to saccharify fruit and non-fruit wastes and for orange juice clarification. The data showed that the enzyme preparation could release 3.03 mg L−1 h−1 of reducing sugars from various crude substrates and was able to reduce turbidity of orange juice by 11% with substantial decrease in viscosity and acidity. Hence, CLP appeared as a promising substrate to produce multienzyme preparation from yeast consortium.

No abstract

Background : Silver nanoparticles pose high antibacterial properties against multi drugresistant and non-resistant bacteria. However, bacteria acquire resistance against chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles after repeated exposure. Therefore, there is an inevitable need to understand the mechanistic behavior of silver nanoparticles. Objective: In this study, we have performed a complete proteomic analysis of Escherichia coli after the treatment with silver nanoparticles to find out the mechanism of bactericidal action of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Methods: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Artemisia annua leaf extract and incubated with Escherichia coli to elucidate the antibacterial assay by determining MIC and the effect on the growth pattern. Further total genome proteins were isolated from control and silver nanoparticles treated bacteria, which were identified by LC MS and Label free quantification analysis technique. Results:: Total identified proteins were 293, out of which 11 proteins were exclusively present in treated bacteria; these are the proteins mainly expressed in stress conditions. Fold change analysis shows that 65 proteins were upregulated where stress proteins are overexpressed while membrane proteins were downregulated. Conclusions: This study reveals that silver nanoparticles inhibit the expression of cellular proteins and cause cell death. Such a study may be helpful in designing drugs against resistant microbes.