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The Working Paper Series seeks to disseminate original research in economics and fi nance. All papers have been anonymously refereed. By publishing these papers, the Banco de España aims to contribute to economic analysis and, in particular, to knowledge of the Spanish economy and its international environment.The opinions and analyses in the Working Paper Series are the responsibility of the authors and, therefore, do not necessarily coincide with those of the Banco de España or the Eurosystem.The Banco de España disseminates its main reports and most of its publications via the Internet at the following website: http://www.bde.es.Reproduction for educational and non-commercial purposes is permitted provided that the source is acknowledged.

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