Daphnia pulex assays (48 hours) were performed to determine acute toxicity of water samples from La Fe reservoir, Antioquia, Colombia. Eight sampling campaigns were done between March 2010 and June 2012, a period that included rainfall episodes. Samples were taken from the water column at three depths and from lotic areas. Physicochemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured both in field and laboratory, and concentrations of dissolved iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), aluminium (Al), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) were assessed. The overall results for the physicochemical properties remained at expected levels for natural waters with slightly higher conductivities in samples collected from bottom and some tributaries. The results of the toxicity tests showed significant mortalities in only 28% of assays. A higher mortality of Daphnia pulex was detected for tests performed during periods of higher precipitation (August 2010, February and July 2011) mainly for samples taken near the confluence of natural tributaries. No significant relationships between physicochemical variables and mortality of Daphnia pulex were found.
The Nostocales and Chroococcales cyanobacteria can produce potent cyanotoxins and survive in deep zones of aquatic ecosystems by the formation of morphologically distinguishable resistance structures and temporarily latent colonies in sediments. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence and density of Nostocales and Chroococcales with toxic potential in the water-sediment interface. During four samplings in three locations of the drinking water reservoir Riogrande II, some physical and chemical variables and chlorophyll a concentration of different spectral groups were measured, density of cyanobacteria was established by conventional microscopy, and mcyD and mcyE genes were detected by PCR. The environmental factors correlated with the abundance of cyanobacteria in the water-sediment interface were pH, total phosphorus, and iron. The highest chlorophyll concentration was provided by Chlorophyceae, while chlorophyll from the cyanobacteria spectral group fluctuated between 0.07 and 3.6 mg/L in field samples. About 86 % of the total cells number corresponded to the Microcystis complex while the Nostocales represented just 3.35 %. It was possible to find evidence for cyanobacteria with toxic potential in the three sampling points through the detection of the mcyD and mcyE genes. The presence of these cyanobacteria is possibly related to their life cycle and the resuspension processes caused by the way river water enters the reservoir. Additionally, this is the first evidence that demonstrates the importance of the water-sediment interface as a reservoir of cyanobacteria with toxic potential, since they can recolonize the water column in ecosystems that supply drinking water.
<p>La sedimentología de tres embalses de Empresas Públicas de Medellín, localizados en Antioquia, Colombia, mostró tasas de sedimentación promedias elevadas. En Riogrande II de 2.25 m año–1, en La Fe de 0.14 m año–1 y en Porce II del orden de 7.6 m año–1. En dichos embalses existen diferencias en la acumulación de sedimentos, los limos, se concentran en las zonas estancadas y más profundas mientras que las arenas en las entradas de los drenajes a los embalses. Existe una marcada tendencia estacional de la sedimentación con valores máximos durante los meses de lluvias y se observan diferencias composicionales y granulométricas espaciotemporales. Una simulación de la evolución sedimentaria de estos tres embalses indica su posible desaparición como depósito de agua de continuar los aportes de sedimentos desde los tributarios, siendo más drástica en Porce II.</p>
Del Mioceno del Valle Superior del Magdalena, Colombia, se resaltan los Grupos La Venta y La Arenosa. En La Venta (13.8-11.6 Ma, pos oscilaciones), la sedimentación la produjo ríos aluviales y fluviales que dejaron enormes depósitos arenosos, limosos y gravillosos rosados en base y techo, al interior capas líticas grises y, limos rojos, duros y meteorizados y paleosuelos. Sobresale dentro del grupo la Formación Villavieja por su riqueza fosilífera y en ella la Unidad Arenas Ferruginosas. En esta los paleosuelos (Sodic Haplotorrerts), se formaron en un clima estacionalmente muy contrastado, bajo un régimen tórrido (inviernos fríos y húmedos y veranos muy cálidos y más secos). La Arenosa es contemporánea con el Óptimo Climático del Mioceno Medio (MMCO), la Transición Climática del Mioceno Medio (MMCT) y la Anomalía Isotópica de Oxígeno (Mi-3b). Su sedimentación la produjo enormes ríos caudalosos que dejaron depósitos arenosos y limosos grises. En él se resalta La Formación La Borrega que tiene cuatro Paquetes Colorados (PC) duros y meteorizados, coetáneos con el MMCO. En los limos y arenas que los separan, cinco paleosuelos (Lithic Haplusterts), formados en un clima estacional, contrastado, bajo un régimen ústico (inviernos fríos y extremadamente húmedos). La Venta y La Arenosa, tienen capas rojas altamente meteorizadas enriquecidas en carbonatos, sales, Fe y Al, sin evidencias de pedogénesis. Los paleosuelos contenidos dentro de ellas, también son de color rojo. Este color podría ser debido a la liberación de hierro de los minerales primarios, por meteorización y/o pedogénesis. Su difusión dentro de la matriz y posterior oxidación, se propone como el mecanismo responsable del color dominante en las capas rojas del desierto de La Tatacoa.
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