Antifungal and antibacterial activities were detected in the hemolymph and gut contents of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. A peptide with antibacterial activity from the tick gut contents was purified to homogeneity by reversed-phase chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified peptide was 3,205.7 Da, measured by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. The amino acid sequence was obtained by Edman degradation and showed that the peptide was identical to a fragment of the bovine ␣-hemoglobin. A synthetic peptide based on the sequence obtained showed characterization data identical to those of the isolated material, confirming its structure.

Gomesin is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from hemocytes of the Brazilian spider Acanthoscurria gomesiana that contains two disulfide bridges Cys(2-15)/Cys(6-11) and presents a beta-hairpin structure. To investigate the role of the disulfide bridges on gomesin conformation, bioactivities, and serum stability, structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were conducted. Initially, gomesin and variants lacking one or both disulfide bridges were synthesized. CD studies showed that the gomesin structure is very rigid independently of the solvent environment. On the other hand, the linearized analogues adopted secondary structures according to the environment, while the monocyclic disulfide-bridged peptides had a tendency to adopt a turn structure. The absence of one or both bridges resulted in a decrease in the antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. In addition, serum stability studies revealed that, contrasting to gomesin that was stable even after 48 h of incubation, the linearized analogues were rapidly degraded. The replacement of the disulfide bounds by lactam bridges led to monocyclic and bicyclic compounds. SAR studies indicated that the monocyclic lactam-bridged analogues tend to assume a alpha-helical structure being less potent, hemolytic, and serum stable than the wild-type gomesin. On the other hand, the bicyclic lactam/disulfide-bridged analogues displayed a similar conformation and degradation kinetics identical to gomesin. However, the antimicrobial activity appeared to be dependent on the lactam bridge position and size. These findings indicated that (i) the secondary structure plays a pivotal role for the full activity of gomesin; (ii) the antimicrobial and hemolytic activities of gomesin are correlated events; (iii) while at least one of the disulfide bridges is needed for the maintenance of a significant antimicrobial activity of gomesin, both bridges are required for high serum stability and optimal conformation; and finally (iv) the best analogue obtained was the bicyclo (2-15,6-11)[Glu2, Cys(6,11), Lys15]-Gm since it is as stable and potent as gomesin.

No abstract

Gomesin (Gm) is a potent antimicrobial peptide isolated from the spider Acanthoscurria gomesiana. The two disulfide bridges Cys(2,15) and Cys(6,11) facilitate the folding of the molecule in a beta-hairpin structure, conferring on the peptide a high stability in human plasma. We report herein biological and structural features of new linear Gm analogues, obtained by combining the removal of both disulfide bridges and the incorporation of a D- or L-proline. Regarding their biological properties, two analogues, namely, [D-Thr(2,6,11,15), Pro(9)]-D-Gm and [Thr(2,6,11,15), D-Pro(9)]-Gm, are as potent as Gm against Candida albicans and only fourfold less against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, at 100 microM they are approximately threefold less hemolytic than Gm. The best therapeutic indices were found for [D-Thr(2,6,11,15), Pro(9)]-D-Gm and for [(Des-pGlu(1), -Thr(2), -Arg(3)), Thr(6,11,15), D-Pro(9)]-Gm with a 32-fold increase of their activity against bacteria, and from 128- to 512-fold against yeast when compared with Gm. Regarding the stability, [D-Thr(2,6,11,15), Pro(9)]-D-Gm appeared to be the most resistant in human serum, along with [D-Thr(2,6,11,15), Pro(8)]-D-Gm and [Thr(2,6,11,15), D-Arg(4,16), D-Pro(9)]-Gm. When evaluating their conformation by CD spectroscopy in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), most linear analogues display beta-conformation characteristics. Moreover, considering its high therapeutic index and stability in serum, [D-Thr(2,6,11,15), Pro(9)]-D-Gm was further analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. (1)H NMR experiments in SDS micelles demonstrated that [D-Thr(2,6,11,15), Pro(9)]-D-Gm presents a conformation very similar to that of Gm. In our search for Gm analogues with enhanced potential for drug development, we demonstrated that designing cysteine-free analogues can improve the therapeutic index of Gm derivatives.

Recebido em 17/9/03; aceito em 27/11/03; publicado na web em 17/6/04 CHEMICAL AND ENZYMATIC PEPTIDE SYNTHESES: BASIC ASPECTS AND APPLICATIONS. This review begins with a brief discussion of the biological importance and chemical features of peptides. A description of the existing synthetic methods follows with emphasis on the basic aspects of the chemical and enzymatic syntheses. Techniques used to purify and characterize the synthesized peptides are also discussed. Finally, a few applications of the final products in chemistry, biochemistry, immunology and medicine are presented, such as identification and quantification of naturally occurring peptides, inspection of structureactivity relationships, therapeutics, development and/or improvement of analytical techniques and search for new vaccines.Keywords: peptides; synthesis; applications of synthetic peptides. A DIVERSIDADE FUNCIONAL E QUÍMICA DOS PEPTÍDEOSOs peptídeos são biomoléculas que contém de dois a dezenas de resíduos de aminoácidos unidos entre si através de ligações peptídicas. Se comparados às proteínas, são quimicamente mais versáteis, pois podem ser amidados ou esterificados em suas carboxilas terminais, acetilados em seus grupos amino terminais, fosforilados ou sulfatados em um ou mais resíduos (serina, treonina ou tirosina), lineares, semicíclicos (geralmente via uma ou mais ligações dissulfeto intra-ou intercadeias peptídicas) ou cíclicos (via ligação entre os grupos amino e carboxila dos aminoácidos terminais). Muitos contêm um ácido piroglutâmico como resíduo N-terminal, outros apresentam Daminoácidos e outros, ainda, possuem aminoácidos não usuais 1 . Os peptídeos são também extremamente diversificados em termos funcionais. Muitos atuam como hormônios ou fatores liberadores destes, enquanto outros são neuropeptídeos, neurotransmissores, toxinas, antibióticos naturais, adoçantes ou substratos de proteases. Na verdade, vários deles fazem parte de nossas conversas sem que nos apercebamos disto: é o caso do aspartame, da insulina, da ocitocina e de diversas drogas comerciais, que consistem em antagonistas de peptídeos naturais ou em inibidores de enzimas envolvidas na sua produção e liberação no organismo 2-4 . A Tabela 1 fornece alguns exemplos desta diversidade funcional e química. Todo este conhecimento começou a ser acumulado principalmente a partir da década de 50, quando vários peptídeos ativos foram descobertos e tiveram as suas estruturas químicas determinadas. Foi o caso de diversos hormônios que controlam o metabolismo animal (glucagon e insulina, p.ex.) e de outros que desempenham papéis específicos em nosso organismo (ocitocina, vasopressina e o hormônio estimulador de melanócitos, p. ex.) 10 . Estas descobertas geraram um enorme interesse por esta classe de compostos e por metodologias para seu isolamento, análise, purificação, identificação e quantificação, as quais passaram a ser sistematicamente estudadas e aprimoradas. Em paralelo, deparou-se com a necessidade de sintetizar estas moléculas e análogos (derivados com modificações p...