-(Early growth of Euterpe edulis Mart. in different light environments). Seedlings growing in deep shade (2 and 6% of full sun) showed, compared to seedlings growing at higher light levels, lower values of biomass, growth rates, root/shoot ratio, specific leaf weight (SLW), chlorophyll a/b ratio and higher value of leaf area ratio (LAR). With the increase in light availability, plants showed three different responses: 1) up to 20% of full sun, plants showed, with light increase, higher values of biomass, relative growth rate (RGR), unit leaf rate (ULR), root/shoot ratio, number of leaves, chlorophyll a/b ratio and lower values of leaf weight ratio (LWR) and LAR; 2) between 20% and 70% of full sun the seedlings did not show morphological or physiological alterations with increase in light, except higher chlorophyll a/b ratio at higher light levels; and 3) seedlings growing in full sun light showed lower biomass. Seedlings transferred from low to high light showed behavior similar to seedlings growing always in higher light. Stomatal density was slightly higher in plants transferred to higher light levels. Lower growth in deep shade and increase in growth with increasing light up to 20-30% of sun light may indicate that the regeneration of this species can take advantage of the appearance of a clearing. The lower performance in full sun and in deep shade may indicate limited competitive capacity of the species in large clearings and in very closed canopies.RESUMO -(Crescimento inicial de Euterpe edulis Mart. em diferentes regimes de luz). Plantas sob forte sombreamento (2% ou 6% da luz solar direta) apresentaram, em relação às plantas sob maior nível de luz, menor biomassa, menores taxas de crescimento, menor razão raiz/parte aérea, menor massa foliar específica (MFE), menor razão clorofila a/b e maior razão de área foliar (RAF). Com o aumento da irradiância as plantas apresentaram três tipos de comportamento, dependendo da quantidade de luz dada: 1) até cerca de 20% da luz solar direta as plantas apresentaram, com aumento da luz, aumento de biomassa, das taxas de crescimento relativo (TCR) e de assimilação líquida (TAL), maior alocação de biomassa para a raiz, maior número de folhas, maior MFE, maior razão clorofila a/b e menor razão de peso foliar (RPF) e RAF; 2) entre 20% e 70% de luz as plantas não mostraram alterações morfológicas ou fisiológicas com aumento na quantidade de luz, à exceção de um aumento na razão clorofila a/b; e 3) plantas crescendo em luz solar plena apresentaram uma redução do crescimento em massa seca. As plantas transferidas de 4% para 20 ou 30% de luz mostraram respostas similares àquelas das plantas crescidas sempre em mais luz. A densidade de estômatos mostrou uma leve tendência ao aumento em plantas transferidas para maior quantidade de luz. O menor crescimento em níveis mais fortes de sombreamento e o maior crescimento com aumento de irradiância até 20-30% da luz solar total sugere que a espécie possa se beneficiar do aparecimento de clareiras para sua regeneração. O menor d...
Physical dormancy refers to seeds that are water impermeable. Within the Fabaceae, the structure associated with the breaking of dormancy is usually the lens. This study verified the role of the lens in physical dormancy of seeds of Schizolobium parahyba, a gap species of Fabaceae from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The lens in S. parahyba seeds appeared as a subtle depression near the hilum and opposite the micropyle. After treatment of the seeds with hot water, the lens detached from the coat. Blocking water from contacting the lens inhibited water absorption in hot-water-treated seeds. High constant (30°C) and alternating (20/30°C) temperatures promoted the breaking of physical dormancy and germination in non-scarified seeds. Maximum percentage of germination occurred earlier for seeds incubated at 20/30°C than for those incubated at 30°C. Seeds with a blocked lens did not germinate at alternating or high temperatures. This study suggests that alternating temperatures are probably the cause of physical dormancy break of seeds of S. parahyba in gaps in the forest.
-(Production of essential oils in plants of Mentha x piperita L. var. piperita (Lamiaceae) submitted to different light levels and nutrition of the substratum). Mentha x piperita L. var. piperita (mint pepper) is utilized due to the presence of essential oils, mainly because of the component menthol produced in glandular trichomes. The influence of light intensity and substratum fertility was evaluated on the amount produced and quality of the essential oil. The light intensities utilized were 100%, 70% and 50% of the total solar light and two levels of nutrition of the substratum were applied (forest soil and forest soil with addition of organic fertilizer. The high light intensity and the addition of fertilizer favored the growth in biomass, influencing in this sense the production of the essential oil per plant. The light intensity and the addition of fertilizer influenced the oil quality, showing the plants under full sun light and fertilization with higher menthol content than plants in shadow or without fertilization. Menthol was the major component of the essential oil.Key words -essential oils, growth, light intensity, organic fertilizer RESUMO -(Produção de óleos essenciais em plantas de Mentha x piperita L. var. piperita (Lamiaceae) submetidas a diferentes níveis de luz e nutrição do substrato). Mentha x piperita L. var. piperita (hortelã-pimenta) é bastante utilizada devido à presença de óleos essenciais, principalmente pelo componente mentol, produzidos nos tricomas glandulares. Foi avaliada a influência da intensidade de luz e da adubação do substrato na quantidade e qualidade do óleo essencial. As intensidades de luz utilizadas foram 100%, 70% e 50% da luz solar total e dois níveis de nutrição do substrato aplicados, solo de mata e solo de mata com adição de adubo orgânico. A alta intensidade de luz e a adubação favoreceram o crescimento em biomassa, influenciando no rendimento do óleo essencial por planta. A intensidade de luz e a adubação influenciaram na qualidade do óleo essencial, apresentando as plantas sob luz solar plena e adubadas apresentaram maior concentração relativa de mentol que plantas sombreadas ou sem adubo. O mentol foi o componente majoritário encontrado no óleo essencial.Palavras-chave -adubação, crescimento, intensidade de luz, óleos essenciais 1.Parte da dissertação de mestrado do primeiro autor, Programa de
-(Growth response of three woody species seedlings from the Tropical Atlantic rain forest to changing light conditions). The growth response of seedlings of three woody species from the Tropical Atlantic rain forest to changing light conditions was studied. The species were the early successional Cecropia glazioui Sneth., the intermediary in succession Cedrela fissilis Vell. and the late successional Bathysa australis (A. St.-Hil.) Hook. ex Sch. These species showed, within the range of light gradient, plasticity to increase light interception at lower light levels (through increasing leaf area ratio -LAR, and decreasing root/shoot ratio -R/SH); and plasticity to increase carbon gain and decreasing transpiration at high light levels (through increasing stomatal density and R/SH, and decreasing LAR). Species responses to irradiance varied with position along the light gradient. Plants at the lower end of the light gradient were more responsive than plants at the higher end of the light gradient. C. glazioui seemed to be more plastic than C. fissilis to alter several features. The behavior showed by the three species in response to changing light was consistent with their environmental occurrence.Key words -Atlantic rainforest, growth, light, seedlings, tropical trees RESUMO -(Crescimento inicial de três espécies arbóreas da Floresta Atlântica em resposta à variação na quantidade de luz). Verificou-se a resposta de crescimento à variação na intensidade de luz de plântulas de três espécies arbóreas da Floresta Tropical Atlântica, Cecropia glazioui Sneth., Cedrela fissilis Vell. e Bathysa australis (A. St.-Hil.) Hook. ex Sch., respectivamente de estádios inicial, intermediário e final de sucessão. As três espécies mostraram, dentro de um determinado gradiente de luz, plasticidade para aumentar a captação de luz quando em baixa irradiância (através de aumento da razão de área foliar -RAF e diminuição da razão entre raiz e parte aérea -R/PA) e plasticidade para aumentar o ganho de carbono e diminuir a transpiração quando em alta irradiância (através dos aumentos da razão R/PA e densidade estomática, e da diminuição da RAF). A plasticidade das espécies em variar determinado parâmetro em função da intensidade de luz foi dependente do gradiente de intensidade de luz aplicado. A plasticidade foi maior nas intensidades mais baixas de luz tanto para C. glazioui quanto para C. fissilis. Para a maior parte dos parâmetros analisados, C. glazioui mostrou maior parte plasticidade para aclimatar-se à maior irradiância, que C. fissilis. As variações apresentadas pelas espécies na morfologia e fisiologia em relação à variação na intensidade de luz são consistentes com o local de ocorrência de cada espécie.Palavras-chave -arbóreas tropicais, crescimento, Floresta Atlântica, luz, plântulas IntroduçãoA luz é um dos fatores físicos mais importantes no controle do desenvolvimento de plântulas de espécies arbóreas em florestas tropicais úmidas (Lee et al. 1997). As condições de luz para as plântulas, no nível do chão da floresta...
This study analysed the anatomical structure of the seed coats, identified the location of water uptake and evaluated the effects of alternating temperatures and heat treatment on the breaking of physical dormancy of two species of Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae), Cassia leptophylla and Senna macranthera, from the Atlantic forest of Brazil. The seed coats of both species consisted of a cuticle (extra-hilar region) or remaining funicle region (hilar region), subcuticular layer, palisade layer with lignin, osteosclereids, sclerified parenchyma and white cells. The palisade layer was formed by elongated macrosclereids with a light line of callose. In thermally scarified seeds of C. leptophylla, water entered through the micropylar canal, and in S. macranthera the water entered through the lens. Alternating temperatures that ranged from 15 to 30°C did not break physical dormancy of either species; however, exposure to 50°C broke seed hardcoatedness, allowing the entrance of water in both species.
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