infections in cirrhotic patients are gram-negative bacilli arisCirrhotic patients with ascites and low ascitic fluid ing from the patient's own gastrointestinal tract flora, 13,14 total protein and/or high serum bilirubin levels are at selective intestinal decontamination (SID) has been considhigh risk to develop the first episode of spontaneous ered as a prophylactic measure. 15-17 SID consists of the inhibibacterial peritonitis during long-term follow-up. The tion of the gram-negative flora of the gut with preservation aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of gram-positive cocci and especially anaerobic bacteria and, of continuous long-term selective intestinal decontamitherefore, prevention of intestinal colonization and translocanation with norfloxacin in the prevention of this complition by new, potentially pathogenic bacteria. 18 Previous studcation. One hundred nine cirrhotic patients with ascites ies have shown the usefulness of SID with oral norfloxacin, a and ascitic fluid total protein levels of°1 g/dL or serum poorly absorbable antibiotic, 16,19 in the prevention of bacterial bilirubin levels of ú 2.5 mg/dL without previous spontainfections during hospitalization in cirrhotic patients at high neous bacterial peritonitis were prospectively randomrisk, such as patients with ascites and low levels of total ized into two groups: group 1 (n Å 56) received norfloxaprotein in ascitic fluid 4 and patients with gastrointestinal cin, 400 mg daily administered orally, and group 2 (n Å bleeding. 20 On the other hand, long-term SID with norfloxa-53) was the long-term control group, receiving norfloxacin has been successful in the prevention of SBP recurrence cin only during hospitalization. During a mean followin patients surviving an episode of SBP. 16 Moreover, the effiup of 43 { 3 weeks, there was one spontaneous bacterial cacy of long-term prophylaxis of SBP with trimethoprimsulfaperitonitis (1.8%) in group 1 and 9 (16.9%) in group 2 (P õ methoxazole 21 or weekly ciprofloxacin 22 has recently been .01). The incidence of community-acquired spontaneous shown in patients with ascites with or without a previous bacterial peritonitis was lower in group 1 (1.8% vs. 13.2%, episode of SBP. However, in contrast with norfloxacin, these P õ .05), whereas the incidence of nosocomial spontaneantibiotics show a nonselective effect over gram-negative baous bacterial peritonitis (0% vs. 3.7%) and the incidence cilli and have a higher systemic absorption. 19,23 of extraperitoneal infections (25% vs. 24.5%) were similarIn two recent prospective studies, the 1-year probability of in both groups (P Å NS). The actuarial probability of the first episode of SBP in cirrhotic patients with ascites was survival at 18 months was 75% in group 1 and 62% in 29% 5 and 11%. 6 Moreover, in the study of Andreu et al., 5 low group 2 (P Å NS). Resistance to norfloxacin was observed total protein levels in ascitic fluid (°1 g/dL) and high serum in 9 of 10 (90%) Escherichia coli isolated in infections bilirubin levels (ú 2.5 mg/...

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Exchange anisotropy has been observed and investigated in single-crystalline CuO nanowires grown by thermal oxidation of Cu. The exchange bias field decreases by increasing temperature and can be tuned by the strength of the cooling field. A training effect has also been observed. The obtained results can be understood in terms of a phenomenological core-shell model, where the core of the CuO nanowire shows antiferromagnetic behavior and the surrounding shell behaves as a spin glass-like system due to uncompensated surface spins.

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