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Nanoencapsulation is defined as a technology to pack substances in miniature making use of techniques such as nanocomposite, nanoemulsification, and nanoestructuration. It provides final product functionality (including controlled release of the core) which is expected to be maintained during storage. Within the food engineering field, protection of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, antioxidants, proteins, and lipids as well as carbohydrates may be achieved using this technique for the production of functional foods with enhanced functionality and stability. In this paper, the different techniques that have been developed for the production of nanocapsules are discussed, and examples of their application are provided including regulatory aspects on products of nanotechnology. Also, it is illustrated a proposal of classification and characterization of the different structural arrangements of core-shell materials in nanoencapsulates composites found in the literature.

Please cite this article as: Moreno, F.L., Quintanilla-Carvajal, M.X., Sotelo, L.I., Osorio, C., Raventós, M., Hernández, E., Ruiz, Y., Volatile compounds, sensory quality and ice morphology in falling-film and block freeze concentration of coffee extract, Journal of Food Engineering (2015), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng. 2015.05.018 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ruth.ruiz@unisabana.edu.co AbstractCoffee extract was freeze-concentrated through block and falling-film techniques.Solute retention and concentration efficiency were determined after one stage of these processes. Ice morphology was characterized through image analysis.Preservation of volatile compounds was determined through GC-MS. The effect of coffee extract on flavour was determined after freeze concentration through sensory evaluation. Solute occlusion was higher for falling-film than for block freeze-concentration, with an average distribution coefficient of 0.45 and 0.29, respectively. The ice crystal size was lower for the falling-film technique; this explains the higher solute occlusion. The dewatering capacity was higher for the falling-film technique, as this process is faster than block freeze-concentration. The most abundant volatile compounds of the coffee extracts were preserved after freeze concentration with both techniques. In the same way, no differences were found in most of the sensory attributes of the freeze-concentrated extract obtained using both techniques. Our results confirm the benefits of the block and falling-film freeze concentration techniques in preserving the quality of coffee extracts.

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