Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults. Despite the fact that they are relatively rare, they cause significant morbidity and mortality. High-grade gliomas or glioblastomas are rapidly progressing tumors with a very poor prognosis. The presence of an intrinsic immune system in the central nervous system is now more accepted. During the last decade, there has been no major progress in glioma therapy. The lack of effective treatment for gliomas can be explained by the strategies that cancer cells use to escape the immune system. This being said, immunotherapy, which involves blockade of immune checkpoint inhibitors, has improved patients’ survival in different cancer types. This novel cancer therapy appears to be one of the most promising approaches. In the present study, we will start with a review of the general concept of immune response within the brain and glioma microenvironment. Then, we will try to decipher the role of various immune checkpoint inhibitors within the glioma microenvironment. Finally, we will discuss some promising therapeutic pathways, including immune checkpoint blockade and the body’s effective anti-glioma immune response.

MalariaPregnancy ANC IPTp-SP Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with 3 or more doses of sulfadoxinepyrimethamine (SP) is recommended by the World Health Organization to prevent malaria in pregnant women living in high-risk areas. According to the 2015 malaria indicator survey in Mali, malaria prevalence is 34.6%. The high risk of malaria among pregnant women and children led the Malian government to provide free SP during antenatal clinics visits. The Malian National Program of Malaria Control recommends at least 3 doses during pregnancy. The proportion of pregnant women taking 3 or more doses of IPTp-SP (IPTp 3þ) still remains low. In Mali, only 36.7% of pregnant women with a live birth in the past 2 yr received IPTp 3þ. To investigate the factors associated with this low coverage, we carried out a secondary data analysis using the database of the Mali 2015 Malaria Indicator Survey. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze these factors among 2,382 interviewed women. Taking less than 3 doses was higher among women below 20 yr (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] ¼ 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI, 1.03; 1.98]); however, media accessibility (listening to radio) (AOR ¼ 0.71, 95% CI [0.53-0.95]) and residing in Segou (AOR ¼ 0.56, 95% CI [0.35-0.90]) seem to favor the opposite after adjusting the potential confusion. Residence, educational level, and wealth index were not statistically associated with taking 3 doses of IPTp-SP. This study identifies that women less than 20 yr of age were significantly associated with taking lower than 3 doses of IPTp-SP.

Position du problème: Tester  l'apport d'une supplémentation en farine fortifiée chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH sous traitement antirétroviral au Mali. Méthodes : Nous avons réalisé une étude prospective longitudinale chez 52 patients infectés par le VIH en ambulatoire sous traitement antirétroviral. A l'introduction de la farine "Misola", les paramètres de suivi à 3 mois ont été : (poids/taille), le taux de CD4 et la numération formule sanguine. Résultats : La majorité de nos patients était des femmes (69%). L'âge moyen était de 38 ans avec des extrêmes de 20 à 58 ans. La normalisation de l'indice de masse corporel de J15 à J60 était de 100%. L'augmentation de la reprise pondérale était significative (p=0,0001). Les paramètres biologiques étudiés  étaient également augmentés à J60. Conclusion : La supplémentation en farine Misola semble être un facteur de gain pondéral rapide chez les PVIH sous ARV. Nous recommandons une étude randomisée sur un grand échantillon pour confirmer ces résultats