Debido a la crisis climática que se vive hoy en día a nivel mundial y con el objetivo de proponer sistemas más eficientes y sostenibles que contribuyan al cumplimiento de los ODS planteados por la ONU, este artículo busca proponer un marco de referencia basado en análisis exergéticos para evaluar la eficiencia y nivel de sostenibilidad de un sistema, específicamente el caso de motores de combustión interna (MCI). A modo de contexto, se provee un estado del arte sobre la exergía y principales aportes recientes para el mejoramiento de los MCI basados en exergía. Se definen las ecuaciones necesarias para realizar un análisis exergético para el caso de un ciclo Diesel, considerando los procesos de combustión y transferencia de calor como fuentes de generación de entropía. De igual manera, se estableció un indicador de sostenibilidad a partir del balance exergético para un sistema. Se aplicaron estas ecuaciones para un caso de estudio de un MCI y se realizaron pruebas con varios tipos de combustibles a modo de comparar su eficiencia, de los cuales el etano (C2H6) resultó ser el combustible más eficiente y con mayor nivel de sostenibilidad comparado con los demás. Sin embargo, se obtuvo que las reacciones químicas en general, representan un gran porcentaje de pérdidas en la calidad, así como una amenaza a la sostenibilidad del sistema.
Different investigations have been developed over the years, and experimental research takes time to collect the information. Considering this, the objective of this research is to carry out a literature review of the strategies adopted by countries with tropical climates to achieve energy and water efficiency, as well as the comfort of the occupants to evaluate the performance of these techniques for each tropical climate type (i.e., tropical rainforest, tropical monsoon, tropical savanna, and subtropical). A methodology is presented using keywords and exclusion criteria for the best selection of articles. Time is saved by searching for information on low consumption strategies, types of buildings, and techniques implemented in each country. A summary of each experimental investigation is made. Results showed that it is possible to apply different techniques to the same type of building and have the savings of interest (water, energy, or comfort) without limiting it to a specific technique. Some tropical climates tend to use only one type of savings, such as comfort and others use energy and water. The experimental studies presented a relevant saving for passive design strategies in the following order: 1- 62.22% applying natural ventilation, water wall and stack flue, 2- 41% and 43% applying daylighting and glazing. 3- 35% applying wall insulation. For low consumption techniques: 1-14.31% and a 32.30% Remote Control extension device and 2-19% applying semitransparent photovoltaic glazing. This article is a resource that can be used by anyone interested in experimental studies in tropical climates.
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