Overall, data suggested that amylin modulates pain with an inflammatory component and the autoanalgesic/inhibitory mechanisms occurring in the interphase of the formalin test. Amylin might have affected the nociceptive system at different levels (spinal cord and brain), explaining the different effects observed according to the time of amylin injection. WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD?: Amylin modulated formalin interphase and tonic pain behaviours probably by targeting spinal neurons and affecting supraspinal areas involved in affective and modulatory components of pain. Activation of spinal amylin-receptors may contribute to the initiation of inflammatory pain mechanisms.

BackgroundAcupuncture has been reported as a weight loss treatment for obese patients. The use of pharmacopuncture focusing on behavioral analyses has not yet been studied with the objective of treating obesity. Thus, this study aimed to assess the biochemical and behavioral effects of using pharmacopuncture techniques in obese Wistar rats.MethodsThe treatments consisted in applying pharmacopuncture at the Zusanli (ST 36) and Tianshu (ST 25) points.ResultsWhen treated with pharmacopuncture, groups HDP36 and HDP25 experienced a reduction in body weight compared to the controls, who were also fed a hypercaloric diet. In the alimentary behavior test, latency to feed did not differ between the groups. However, groups HDP36 and HDP25 consumed a smaller number of cereals bits, which suggests that inappetence was an effect of the treatment. No difference was found among the groups in the elevated plus maze test, which indicates no anxiety action of the points studied. Regarding post mortem perirenal and abdominal fat among the groups fed a hypercaloric diet, groups HDP36 and HDP25 had lower perirenal fat weight and HDP36 had lower abdominal fat weight compared to the other groups. Likewise, a reduction in cholesterol 10.1186/s12906-015-0829-7 and glucose levels was found in groups HDP36 and HDP25 compared to the other groups that were fed a hypercaloric diet, while triglycerides decreased in subgroup HDP25ConclusionsIn conclusion, the present study showed the efficacy of pharmacopuncture in weight loss of obese rats, as well as changes in biochemical and behavioral parameters.

No significant change in mean values (n = 5; 5 males/5 females) (GLM: F = 2.17, p = 0.12) Unconfirmed No male-female response to mate b.2. Social aggression/rank dispute/mate competition-New group formation No significant change in mean values (Groups: n = 2; 4 males/4 females) (Student's t-test, p > 0.05) Unconfirmed No male-female response to mating access (at low levels of competition) M.B.C.d. Sousa et al. General and Comparative Endocrinology xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx

Exposure to stress in mice and psychosocial stress in humans can alter cognitive functions such as learning and memory, and also be associated with the physiopathology of mood disorders and anxiety. Anxiolytic agents and sedatives nowadays prescribed for the treatment of such illnesses do not cause improvement in cognitive function, and even worsening it, as the benzodiazepines do. In previous studies, Riparins I and III (RipI and RipIII), isolated from Aniba riparia, showed themselves to be affective in animal models predictive of anxiolytic and antidepressant activities, not causing change in hippocratic models. Objectives: Therefore, considering the potential of natural products to the isolation of new drugs, the goal of the present work was to investigate the aspects of RipI and RipIII in the post-stress memory dysfunction caused by repeated injections of corticosterone (CORT). Methods: For that, were used Swiss female mice, weight between 22-25g, divided according to the following experimental groups: Control group (vehiclesaline, 1% de tween80, 1% de DMSO, s.c., for 14 and 21 consecutive days), Stressed group (CORT, 20mg/kg, s.c, for 14 or 21 days), Group treated with RipI or III (50 mg/kg, orally for 8 days), Group treated with fluvoxamine (Flu 50 mg/kg, orally, for 8 days). Treatments occurred beginning the 14th day of corticosterone-induced stress and remained simultaneously with it. Depression was induced with several injections of CORT (20mg/kg, s.c.) beyond the period of 14 days. Behavior models analyzed were open field test and passive avoidance test. Administration of Rips recovered the recent memory of animals to the same level as the control group's (Cont: 249.724.87; Cort: 79.00  45.68; RipI: 3000 ; RipIII: 293.66.429; Flu: 300.0 0 ; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings indicate that the repeated administration of RipI and RipIII recovered the memory loss induced by stress and corticosterone in mice.

Obesity is considered a disease of the century and several treatment methods have been researched. Traditional Chinese medicine describes several findings that can be used to treat this disease. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate, from an experimental perspective of Western medicine, the biochemical and behavioral effects of pharmacopuncture (21 and 40) in obese Wistar rats. The HDP21 group, treated with pharmacopuncture, exhibited a reduction in body weight compared to controls, who were also fed a high-calorie diet. In the eating behavior test, the latency was lower in the HDP40 group, and in this group, animals consumed with a higher number of cereals compared to other obese groups, or with suggestions of high acupuncture or appetite in this group. The HDP21 group, on the other hand, exhibited the shortest time in closed arms when compared to the other groups, suggesting a reduction in anxiety. Regarding the perirenal fat weight and abdominal postmortem of groups fed a high calorie diet, the HDP21 group had the lowest weight of perirenal fat and abdominal fat compared to the others. Similarly, a reduction in cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels was observed in the HDP21 group compared to other groups that received a high calorie diet. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the effectiveness of the pharmacopuncture that uses bee venom in ST21 with weight loss in obese rats, as well as the reduction in biochemical tests and with loss of anxiety.