No abstract

Considerado como a última fronteira agrícola do Brasil, o domínio Cerrado, um dos hotspots mundiais de biodiversidade, sofre com a pressão exercida pelo agronegócio. Entre as ameaças está o uso de agrotóxicos, que chega a regiões não alvo através da deriva, como as áreas nativas. Entre as espécies atingidas está a Genipa americana L., sendo essa uma espécie nativa, com características medicinais e de relevante interesse comercial. Objetivou-se caracterizar os parâmetros fisiológicos da G. americana, quando exposta a diferentes concentrações de glifosato, visando identificar a sensibilidade da espécie ao herbicida. A simulação da deriva foi realizada aplicando-se o herbicida glifosato nas doses 0 (controle), 25, 100, 200, 400 e 800 g i.a.h-1. Para avaliação das trocas gasosas foram realizadas quatro medições, 2º, 5º, 11º e 14º dias após a aplicação (DAA) do herbicida. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados foram: taxa fotossintética (A), transpiratória (E), condutância estomática (gs), relação entre a concentração interna e externa de CO2 (Ci/Ca), eficiência instantânea de carboxilação (A/Ci), o conteúdo de pigmentos cloroplastídicos e a permeabilidade de membranas. Os parâmetros de trocas gasosas em G. americana apresentaram efeitos negativos e progressivos, conforme o aumento das doses do herbicida glifosato. Foi possível observar uma diminuição em gs, A, E, Ci/Ca e A/Ci, no primeiro dia de avaliação, nas doses 400 e 800 g i.a ha-1 em relação ao controle. O conteúdo de pigmentos cloroplastídicos e a permeabilidade de membranas não foram significativos e não são bons parâmetros para efeitos fitotóxicos de glifosato em G. americana. Palavras-chave: Herbicida. Jenipapo. Trocas Gasosas.     Abstract Considered as the last agricultural frontier in Brazil, the Cerrado domain, one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, suffers from the pressure exerted by agribusiness. Among the threats is the use of pesticides, which reach non-target regions through drift, such as native areas. Among the affected specie is the Genipa americana L., a native species, with medicinal characteristics and relevant commercial interest. The objective was to characterize the physiological parameters of G. americana, when exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate, in order to identify the species’ sensitivity to the herbicide. Drift simulation was performed by applying the herbicide glyphosate at doses 0 (control), 25, 100, 200, 400 and 800 g a.i.h-1. To assess gas exchange, four measurements were performed, 2nd, 5th, 11th and 14th days after the application (AAH) of the herbicide. The physiological parameters evaluated were: photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), relationship between internal and external CO2 concentration (Ci/Ca), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci), content of chloroplast pigments and the permeability of membranes. The gas exchange parameters in Genipa americana showed negative and progressive effects, as the doses of the herbicide glyphosate increased. It was possible to observe a decrease in gs, A, E, Ci/Ca and A/Ci, on the first day of evaluation, at doses 400 and 800 g ai ha-1 compared to the control. The chloroplast pigment content and membrane permeability were not significant and are not good parameters for phytotoxic effects of glyphosate on G. americana. Keywords: Herbicide. Jenipapo. Gas Exchange

Lignocellulosic biomass residues can generate interesting materials for the chemical and food industries. Physical activation processes were developed by cold pressing and slow pyrolysis, as well as physical chemical activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), to produce bio-based products, including bio-oil (30%) and biochar (31%), with good yields. Charcoal and biooil provided good results, respectively, with regard to adsorption capacity (357 m 2 g -1 of surface area BET) and the possibility of extracting chemical compounds (phenols with 45.81% and aldehydes with 32.76%). Moreover, the key economic performance indicators of the process were analyzed, and the results indicate that the proposed process is economically feasible and attractive with $422,416.10 profits. Finally, after dialoguing with the babassu nut breakers and understanding their needs, the feasibility of economically developing the contacted families through technology transfer for extracting the oil, cake, biochar, and bio-oil from babassu coconuts was studied, demonstrating the possibility of income generation based on the profitability achieved in this study.

The use of agro-industrial residues in biorefinery processes has been increasing due to the negative environmental impact associated with the excessive use of fossil fuels. Several residues have been evaluated as precursors for carbohydrate production, which in turn can be converted into numerous high value-added products, such as the products of the furanic series, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural. Thus, this work aimed to determine the chemical composition of passion fruit and purple yam peels in order to analyze their potential for use as raw material for biorefineries. For the determination of sugars, the shells were submitted to acid hydrolysis according to two different methodologies: one by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory method and the other by the Dunning et al. (1949) methodology. The products obtained were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The results show that passion fruit and purple yam peels presented high percentages of hemicellulose (30% and 15%, respectively) and mainly of cellulose (above 44% for both shells according to the two tested methodologies). Due to the significant amount of these polysaccharides present in the biomass, they have potential for use in biorefineries.