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In acidic soils, aluminium (Al) occurs as Al3+, which is phytotoxic. One of the most conspicuous symptoms of Al toxicity is the root growth inhibition, which can lead to low water uptake and consequent reduction in leaf hydration and gas exchange. However, fibrous xylem vessels have been observed in roots of ‘Rangpur’ lime plants (Citrus limonia L.) when exposed to Al, which could affect the functioning of aquaporins, ultimately reducing their expression. We confirmed a decrease of CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E) and relative leaf water content (RWC) in 3-month-old C. limonia plants exposed to 1480 μM Al in nutrient solution for 90 days. The estimated hydraulic conductivity from soil to the leaf (KL) and leaf water potential (Ψw) also showed low values, although not consistently reduced over time of Al exposure. The relative expression of aquaporin genes belonging to PIP family (PIP1-1, PIP1-2 and PIP2) showed downregulation for ClPIP1-1 and ClPIP2 and upregulation for ClPIP1-2 in plants exposed to Al. Furthermore, ClPIP1-1 was positively correlated with A and gs in plants exposed to Al. Therefore, downregulation of ClPIP1–1 and ClPIP2 in roots of ‘Rangpur’ lime plants could be associated with the low leaf hydration of this species when exposed to Al.

Computational biology has gained traction as an independent scientific discipline over the last years in South America. However, there is still a growing need for bioscientists, from different backgrounds, with different levels, to acquire programming skills, which could reduce the time from data to insights and bridge communication between life scientists and computer scientists. Python is a programming language extensively used in bioinformatics and data science, which is particularly suitable for beginners. Here, we describe the conception, organization, and implementation of the Brazilian Python Workshop for Biological Data. This workshop has been organized by graduate and undergraduate students and supported, mostly in administrative matters, by experienced faculty members since 2017. The workshop was conceived for teaching bioscientists, mainly students in Brazil, on how to program in a biological context. The goal of this article was to share our experience with the 2020 edition of the workshop in its virtual format due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to compare and contrast this year’s experience with the previous in-person editions. We described a hands-on and live coding workshop model for teaching introductory Python programming. We also highlighted the adaptations made from in-person to online format in 2020, the participants’ assessment of learning progression, and general workshop management. Lastly, we provided a summary and reflections from our personal experiences from the workshops of the last 4 years. Our takeaways included the benefits of the learning from learners’ feedback (LLF) that allowed us to improve the workshop in real time, in the short, and likely in the long term. We concluded that the Brazilian Python Workshop for Biological Data is a highly effective workshop model for teaching a programming language that allows bioscientists to go beyond an initial exploration of programming skills for data analysis in the medium to long term.