The current outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in Upper West Africa is the largest ever recorded. Molecular evidence suggests spread has been almost exclusively through human-to-human contact. Social factors are thus clearly important to understand the epidemic and ways in which it might be stopped, but these factors have so far been little analyzed. The present paper focuses on Sierra Leone, and provides cross sectional data on the least understood part of the epidemic—the largely undocumented spread of Ebola in rural areas. Various forms of social networking in rural communities and their relevance for understanding pathways of transmission are described. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between marriage, funerals and land tenure. Funerals are known to be a high-risk factor for infection. It is suggested that more than a shift in awareness of risks will be needed to change local patterns of behavior, especially in regard to funerals, since these are central to the consolidation of community ties. A concluding discussion relates the information presented to plans for halting the disease. Local consultation and access are seen as major challenges to be addressed.

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Dans la guerre civile sierra-leonaise, une figure de l’homme en armes a souvent retenu l’attention: celle du chasseur-milicien « kamajô ». Cet article retrace la généalogie de ces chasseurs-miliciens perçus tantôt comme des héros populistes secourant des villageois assiégés, tantôt comme des fauteurs de guerre. Contre l’image de chasseurs mendé « traditionnels », puisant dans l’histoire rurale pour faire face à la crise, il montre que cette figure relève d’une tradition urbaine, inventée par d’habiles courtiers culturels ayant construit leur ascension sociale sur l’objectivation d’une « culture mendé ».

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