In a safety management system (SMS), risk management plays a key role for the prevention of accidents. This study aims to propose a safety management model by using a system dynamics approach applied to the Bhopal incident. The model proposed in this paper discusses the relationships among the main causes that have contributed to the occurrence of the incident studied, such as broken safety devices, inadequate personnel experience, operator decisions, manager production strategy, policy decision, as deduced from the relevant literature about the Bhopal incident dynamics. The simulation and the results clarify how to manage the key factors to make the plant safe. Moreover, we want to underline how these key modern aspects of safety could be enhanced by using the enabling technologies of industry 4.0.

In the highly technological and innovative scenario of Industry 4.0, characterized by a series of enabling technologies and a strong interconnection of resources, it is necessary to take into account the impact that the introduction of increasingly sophisticated sensors and collaborative machines on the safety aspects. In addition to the introduction of so-called "smart" technologies, the context of the use of new technologies and the tasks of front-line operators has also changed. The worker increasingly assumes the role of supervisor and when some types of work require particular human skills, there is a real "collaboration" between man and machine. In the new factories, the interaction with "smart machines" on one hand simplifies the operations of the worker making them less complex and less susceptible to errors and on the other hand increases the information and communication of these systems and leads to a complexity that requires new man-machine interface modes. The support of sensors and new technologies allows the detection of a series of data necessary to make the most reliable predictions on the state of health of the equipment so that it is possible to plan target interventions. This implies that the cognitive interaction effort of the machine operator moves from the skill level to the knowledge level because the human is required to manage a huge amount of data (big data) that must be acquired, analysed and interpreted. This paper, starting from consolidated human reliability methodologies in the literature, which allows for evaluating human error in different work fields, aims to highlight how human performance improves even if it implies an increase in cognitive demand due to the use of new smart technologies.

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This paper analyses and reviews the most important literature papers relating to the evolution of maintenance in Industry 4.0 and its applications. The topic's importance is stated by n increasing number of publications in this field, which suggested a systematic literature review. The proliferation of hardware devices in the workplace, such as smartphones and tablets, has caused engineers to develop the industrial sector 's maintenance world.  This review aims to classify the literature published from 2015 to early 2020 to identify the major benefits and areas where it obtained them. This study surveys the latest approaches and emerging trends in maintenance management strategies commonly used in the era of Industry 4.0. It discusses the state-of-the-art of Industry 4.0 technology and the associated use of manufacturing and maintenance management. The data collection was obtained by conducting a systematic search of the literature.