The results suggest a relationship between CRVO and certain risk factors (systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, glaucoma, older age) and support the possibility of an association between CRVO and urban location. The findings also support the potential value of medical treatment of underlying medical conditions in preventing occurrence of CRVO.

Background: Macular edema (ME) is a vision-threatening condition that commonly develops as a consequence of ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, retinal vaso-occlusion of the central retinal vein and its branches, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, uveitis, retinitis pigmentosa, pseudophakia, ocular trauma, and drug toxicity. The treatment of ME remains challenging, although steroids and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors are available. Cost-effective therapy using a noninvasive administration route is required. This study aimed at reviewing the role of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) in the management of ME. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar for studies from January 2000 to March 2022. The following keywords were used in various combinations: “macular edema”, “carbonic anhydrase”, “carbonic anhydrase inhibitors”, “acetazolamide”, “dorzolamide”, and “brinzolamide”. Results: Articles with high or medium clinical relevance were selected for this  review. We found that multiple studies have demonstrated the relevance and efficacy rates of CAIs in the management of ME. Most published studies focused on acetazolamide and dorzolamide, with nearly all studies reporting therapeutic responses. Conclusions: ME is the leading cause of vision loss and requires noninvasive and cost-effective pharmacotherapy. With progress in the understanding of ME, particularly the role of carbonic anhydrase as a key driver, CAIs are the focus of research. Further optimization of the choice of CAIs and retinal bioavailability, potentially with nanoparticle formulations, is required to enable the effective management of ME. Further research is warranted to address the therapeutic effects of CAIs in different formulations.

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Novel coronavirus, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)," the outbreak of which is "a public health emergency of international concern" 1 announced by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020, could also cause conjunctivitis. There is a growing body of evidence that SARS-CoV-2 affects the anterior surface of the eye, commonly manifested by viral conjunctivitis, 2 which highlights the importance of addressing a treatment issue in this emerging disease.The currently recommended treatment includes cold compress and artificial tears, representing a non-ethiopathogeneticoriented approach, and the measures directed to avoid spreading.The aforementioned issue indicates a necessity for search of low cost, but highly effective therapeutic agents. One of such agents is honey, and the therapy using honey named apitherapy is known from the ancient period, 3 documented in several religious texts including the Veda (a book of Hindu scriptures) and the Bible, and recently it was re-evaluated.Honey contains more than 200 compounds, which include the essential minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium, and copper and "B"-group vitamins: B1, B2, B3, B5, and B6.Honey releases hydrogen peroxide through an enzymatic process, which explains its general antiseptic qualities.At the same time, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, nitric oxide, copper, and hydrogen peroxide are responsible for antiviral properties preventing viral replication. 4 Recently, it was found by using an in silico approach that SARS-CoV-protease could be inhibited by honey ingredients, 5 evidencing a potential suppressive effect on SARS-CoV-2. 6 The rationale for using honey in viral conjunctivitis appears to involve a combination of antiviral and antibacterial effects. Currently available findings highlight the therapeutic potential of honey in the management of COVID-related viral conjunctivitis, opening a new therapeutic avenue.

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