Our study supports the routine use of subcortical stimulation for language tract identification as a reliable tool for guiding surgical removal of gliomas in or in close proximity to language areas or pathways.

These findings show that multiple cortical and subcortical language mapping during awake craniotomy for tumor removal is a feasible procedure. They support the concept that intraoperative mapping should be performed for all the languages in which the patient is fluent in to preserve functional integrity.

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