The Amazon basin is a key supplier of wild freshwater fishes to the multi-billion US$ global aquarium market, yet limited information exists on the organization of the regional trade, its importance to local economies or conservation impacts. Through field interviews and review of government statistics, this paper describes the state of the industry in Peru, reporting on the scale and value of the trade, the nature of the fishery and the characteristics and roles of key actors in regional supply networks. An economically important industry is revealed, with 28 firms officially exporting over nine million fishes worth US$ 2.5 million to 24 countries in 2001, and involving fish species from 36 families transported from rainforest catchments up to 1100 km distant from the export centre of Iquitos. Most fish are however collected close to the city, with 10 species representing >70% of trade volume. Some 10 000 people earn income from the trade, among them many rural poor who depend on aquarium fish collection as a primary or supplementary source of cash income. The industry is currently undergoing an important transition towards supplying new Asian and European markets, increasing exports of species biologically unsuited to heavy exploitation as a result, and highlighting the conservation need for improved knowledge and management of the trade in Amazonia.

This paper presents the first information available from repeated field observations of a wild Hippocampus breviceps population, and an uncommon example of mixed-sex social grouping in seahorses. At two study sites in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, adult seahorses were found at a mean density of 0.21seahorses per m2 over rocky reef–algal habitat. Each site had a sex ratio of 1 : 1. Seahorses showed varying degrees of site fidelity, with 12 of 38 adults present in the study area throughout the 5-week study period. Adults at the sites moved within small (1–12m2) and overlapping (with 2–10 others) spatial areas, with most seahorses restricting their movements in the early morning to a smaller core area. Females used significantly larger spatial areas and core areas than did males. Core areas generally coincided with particular seaweeds at which stable groups of two to five seahorses would be found each morning. These core areas were commonly the site of social encounters. Adult seahorses engaged in displays and interactions with opposite-sex partners, although not every day, and not necessarily with the same partner at each encounter. Longer-term observations over a larger study area are necessary to characterise H.breviceps’ movement patterns and mating system more precisely.

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Silver arawana Osteoglossum bicirrhosum are increasingly popular on the international aquarium fish market, but the routine killing of mouth brooding adults to collect juveniles for the trade may threaten wild populations. We describe the aquarium trade and fishery for silver arawana in the Peruvian Amazon. This is the first such report on the species for South America, and is based on field interviews with trade participants and fishermen, and on a review of government statistics. The regional trade is large, expanding and valuable (over 1 million juveniles worth USD 560,000 exported in 2001), of considerable economic importance to the rural poor, and in urgent need of research, monitoring and management. Outright bans on arawana fishing are likely to be ineffective and to destabilize an export fishery that provides significant part-time employment for the rural poor and substantial foreign earnings. Experimental studies are called for that compare the impacts on arawana yields of alternate fishing techniques, such as catch and release of brooding males, as a basis for developing more effective management schemes in Amazonia.