A new method to project the impacts of global trade scenarios on international freight flows is presented. The model uses international trade scenarios developed by the Economics Department of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development for the period 2004–2060 with alternative liberalization scenarios. A global freight network model is developed, and current exports data from Eurostat and the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean are used to calibrate a model converting trade in value into freight volumes (in tonne-kilometers) assigned to a routable transport network for the period 2010–2050. The results highlight the impact of changes in global trade flows and carbon dioxide emissions related to international trade and raise several policy implications. The outputs suggest that increases in transport flow will be significant, especially within Asia and on routes used for export–import activities from and to this region.

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The cis-and trans-2-ethyl-and 2-t-butyl-cyclopropylcarbinyl radicals (A; M = H or Bu,Sn; R = Et or But) were generated by the addition of tributyltin radicals to the appropriate ketone, or abstraction of hydrogen from the appropriate carbinols, and the intermediate radicals and the ultimate products were monitored by e.s.r. spectroscopy b t 0 Bu3 Sn' \ l M = H and by g.1.c. respectively. It is shown that the ethyl and t-butyl substituents exert the same directive effect as the methyl group in that whereas the cis-reactants undergo ring opening to give predominantly the secondary alkyl radicals (B) the trans-reactants give the thermodynamically less stable primary alkyl radicals (C).IN recent papers 1-8 we have reported experiments on the alkyl substituent in the ring, and we report here the the regioselectivity of the ring-opening of cis-and trans-results of experiments, by both techniques, on cis-and 2-methylcyclopropylcarbinyl radicals (1 ; R = H or trans-2-ethyl-, 2-t-butyl-, and 2-phenyl-cyclopropyl com-.-

In Gegenwart von Azoisobutyronitril (AIBN) als Radikal‐Initiator reagieren die cis‐ bzw. trans‐Ketone (I) mit Tributylzinnhydrid zu den aliphatischen Ketonen (II) und (III), wobei in der cis‐Reihe bevorzugt die Ketone (II), in der trans‐Reihe bevorzugt die Ketone (III) gebildet werden; aus cis‐ bzw. trans‐(I) mit R: ‐Ph entsteht ausschließlich das entsprechende Keton des Typs (II) in 95 bzw. 93% Ausb. Die Regioselektivität der Ringöffnung hängt von der Natur der Substituenten R ab.

Das aus den Halogeniden (I) mit Tributyl‐SnH (auch photolytisch) erzeugte Radikal (II) lagert sich, wie die Produktanalyse von Isopenten (V) und Penten (VI) zeigt, überwiegend regioselektiv zum Radikal (III) um.