Background: The appropriate observation period, rate and risk factors of complications after a percutaneous renal biopsy remain debated. Methods: We retrospectively studied native kidney biopsies performed in our institution between January 2007 and July 2011. Outpatients had either an 8- (67%) or a 24-hour (33%) observation period. Results: 312 biopsies were reviewed (287 patients), 51% of patients were female and the mean age was 54 ± 15 years. Half of these biopsies were performed in outpatients. A total of 15% of patients developed a symptomatic hematoma, 9% received a red blood cell transfusion and 1% required an angio-intervention. Eighty-four percent of the complications manifested within the first 8 h, 86% at 12 h and 94% at 24 h. Outpatients experienced significantly less complications, all manifesting within the first 8 h, 14% required an observation period longer than planned. The risk of symptomatic hematoma increased to 11, 20, 35 and 40% in patients with >200, 140-200, 100-140 and <100 × 10⁹/l platelets, respectively (p = 0.002). It also increased in hemodialysis patients (29% compared to 14%, p = 0.02). We found no association of risk with the number of biopsy passes and only a trend with needle size. Conclusion: Symptomatic hematomas occurred in 15% of kidney biopsies and were strongly associated with platelet count and hemodialysis. Outpatients experienced fewer complications; therefore, we can conclude that same-day discharge in selected patients is safe.

We confirm the early occurrence of BKPyV replication after transplantation and the short-term decline in renal function. However, early detection of BKPyV replication, prompt diagnosis, and reduction in immunosuppression may offer long-term benefits for graft function.

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