This research investigates the perceptions of stakeholders involved in financial reporting in four emerging economies (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, and Turkey) regarding the possible implementation of IFRS for SMEs, in terms of costs, benefits, and strategy of adoption. In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with representatives of main stakeholders (preparers, auditors, regulators, professional bodies, and users). We find more support for IFRS for SMEs implementation in these four countries than suggested by the results of the European Commission's consultation for the European Union. Interviews reveal differences between stakeholder groups and between countries regarding the preferred implementation approach (mandatory adoption, voluntary adoption or convergence of national regulations with IFRS for SMEs). Interviews indicate the most support for the convergence approach. However, users oppose convergence and prefer the adoption of IFRS for SMEs. The convergence approach moves regulators' attention from users' needs to preparers' preferences and preparedness. This finding is relevant in the decision‐making process of national regulators, who should balance the needs of various stakeholders, but also the country's political and economic objectives.

Research background: Previous studies have demonstrated that providing relevant information to users is positively affected by higher quality of accounting standards and adhering to ethical rules and accounting principles by accounting professionals. On the other hand, there are a lot of cases when the law was broken. The most common reason for committing financial statement´s fraud include in-creasing stock prices, getting loans from bank or avoiding payment of taxes. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to evaluate both the relationship between using of legislation and accounting errors rate in the financial statements as well as the possible using of creative accounting from the point of view of enterprises and non-profit organizations in the Czech Republic. Methods: Among the quantitative research methods the questionnaire was used. The questionnaires were sent out to randomly 201 selected enterprises and non-profit organization. The survey was conducted from September 2017 to the end of January 2018. The data were analyzed by means of the tools of descriptive statistics and the chi-square goodness of fit test. The research questions sought to investigate whether Czech Accounting Standards helped in all areas of accounting and reporting and avoiding of errors in financial statements, and whether the respondents encountered fraudulent procedures in compiling financial statements. Findings & Value added: The results indicated that using Czech Accounting Standards was perceived as a useful tool in solving all situations in areas of accounting and avoiding accounting errors. Moreover, it was proved that the volume and frequency of errors were not significant in financial statements.

New information technologies, development of international economic cooperation and market interconnection call for the need of multinational, globally applicable and acknowledged accounting standards which will enable to describe the processes taking place on the companies´ level, within the extent of the contemporary knowledge, but especially in a comparable form.These requirements are met e.g. by International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) used mainly in Europe. Their fundamental aim is to develop unified, high-quality and understandable global accounting standards. The financial statements prepared according to these standards provide high-quality, transparent and comparable information, which can help the users to make economic decisions.The information disclosed according to full IFRS standards is sometimes too superfluous for users of financial statements of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and very often the cost of its full consistence exceeds its contributions. Another problem, which is specific for the Czech Republic is that the national legislation does not allow it to specify the income tax base from the statements prepared according to IFRS standards and thus the companies have to prepare the statements according to Czech legislation in parallel, which represents a tremendous administrative burden.The aim of the article is to analyse problem areas in reporting according to IFRS at SMEs in the Czech Republic and to compare their results with the accounting practice in companies which report according to IFRS. AbstraktNové informační technologie, rozvoj mezinárodní ekonomické spolupráce a propojenost trhu vyvolávají potřebu nadnárodních, celosvětově platných a uznávaných účetních LIBUŠE MÜLLEROVÁ, MARIE PASEKOVÁ, DANA KUBÍČKOVÁ Cílem článku je analýza problémových okruhů při vykazováni dle IFRS u MSP v České republice a porovnání jejich výsledků s účetní praxí v podnicích, které už podle IFRS vykazují. Klíčová slova IFRS, MSP, české účetní standardy (ČÚS), účetní závěrka, měření výkonnosti 1 The original name was IAS (International Accounting Standards). To stress the fact that the case is standardization of financial reporting and not standardization of accounting, the name of the whole IAS set was changed into IFRS. Individual standards (IAS 1 through IAS 41) remain in force but new and updated standards are published under IFRS name.

The aim of the paper is to analyse the opinion of enterprise representatives upon the risk of errors occurrence in selected areas of accounting. Research presented in this paper explains the view of enterprise accountants upon the risk of errors occurrence, both unintentional and intentional, aimed towards the creation of so called "creative accounting". The research itself, done on a sample of 232 Czech enterprises, was based on questionnaire investigation which focused on perception of problematic areas influencing the quality of accounting information. The obtained set of data was evaluated using descriptive method and mathematical/inference statistics. Special testing was done at hypotheses on concordance of two mean values and at the Friedman test. Evaluation of problematic rates of individual areas of accounting revealed that practically each observed area of accounting is connected with specific difficulties. The major causes of problems are tax impacts, namely in the area of the cost, time differentiation and of revenues and also difficulty in pricing, especially in the area of inventories and fixed and financial assets. High respondents´ concordance on rating individual accounting areas as to the risk of an error occurrence was detected. It stemmed from the research that the risk of formation of unintentional errors is subjectively rated as the highest in the areas of conjectural and adjusting items and the lowest at asset and depreciation classification. Rating the space for intentional distortion of accounting statements indicates a very reserved attitude of the respondents. The results have proved that in the respondents´ opinion practically all areas of accounting give space for occurrence of errors. The results of the research provided a somewhat different perspective on the issue of accounting errors in comparison with results published by other authors who used objective assessment of error rate as a departure point.

Accounting is a tool of evidence for reporting assets, equities, liabilities, expenses, revenues and profits or losses of the accounting unit. This information is collectively presented in financial statements, which are an essential source of information for external subjects. Nevertheless, the resulting financial statements are relevant only to the extent to which the information charged in the accounting is correct and error-free. For this reason, the aim of this article is to examine the individual areas recorded in accounting in terms of their possible bias due to an error. The objective of this article is to determine which of the areas of accounting are riskiest in relation to the occurrence of errors, and this in connection to the existence of an important foreign partner of the accounting unit. The risk of of the error occurrence is examined from the accountants' perspective. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was used for data collection focusing on areas that are considered to be the most important by the accountants and the areas which are the most problematic. The receivables, expenses and revenues were indicated as the most significant. The areas of long-term assets, financial assets and inventories appear to be problematic due to tax impacts. Expenses, revenues, accruals and deferrals appear to be problematic due to issues with correct valuation. The difference in perception of risk of the error occurrence in relation to the existence of a foreign business partner was proven only for some accounting areas such as liabilities, inventories or expenses.