Melanins (from the Greek μέλας, mélas, black) are bio-pigments ubiquitous in flora and fauna. Eumelanin is an insoluble brown–black type of melanin, found in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, among which Sepia (cuttlefish) is noteworthy. Sepia melanin is a type of bio-sourced eumelanin that can readily be extracted from the ink sac of cuttlefish. Eumelanin features broadband optical absorption, metal-binding affinity and antioxidative and radical-scavenging properties. It is a prototype of benign material for sustainable organic electronics technologies. Here, we report on an electronic conductivity as high as 10 −3 S cm −1 in flexographically printed Sepia melanin films; such values for the conductivity are typical for well-established high-performance organic electronic polymers but quite uncommon for bio-sourced organic materials. Our studies show the potential of bio-sourced materials for emerging electronic technologies with low human- and eco-toxicity.

Printed electronic devices are attracting significant interest due to their versatility and low cost; however, quality control during manufacturing is a significant challenge, preventing the widespread adoption of this promising technology. We show that terahertz (THz) radiation can be used for the in situ inspection of printed electronic devices, as confirmed through a comparison with conventional electrical conductivity methods. Our in situ method consists of printing a simple test pattern exhibiting a distinct signature in the THz range that enables the precise characterization of the static electrical conductivities of the printed ink. We demonstrate that contactless dual-wavelength THz spectroscopy analysis, which requires only a single THz measurement, is more precise and repeatable than the conventional four-point probe conductivity measurement method. Our results open the door to a simple strategy for performing contactless quality control in real time of printed electronic devices at any stage of its production line.

The characteristics of terahertz (THz) radiation generated from large-aperture photoconductive antennas (LAPCAs) were investigated. The antennas were fabricated using different wide-bandgap semiconductor crystals (ZnSe, GaN, 6H-SiC, 4H-SiC and β-Ga 2 O 3 ) as the substrate. We used an amplified sub-picosecond KrF excimer laser for illumination of the LAPCAs. THz emission scaling was studied as a function of the bias field and the pump laser energy. It was found that the radiated THz energy scales quadratically as a function of the bias field and sub-linearly as a function of the optical fluence for most of the substrates. Further, we demonstrate that SiC, and especially 4H-SiC LAPCAs offer the best THz generation performances. In order to generate intense THz radiation, we fabricated both 6H-and 4H-SiC LAPCAs with an interdigitated structure. From the field autocorrelation trace, it was found that the spectra lie in the sub-THz regime, extending up to 400 GHz, with a peak frequency at 50 GHz, making the bridge between the microwaves band and the THz band. The maximum generated THz energy was 11 μJ, which is to date the highest THz energy measured from LAPCA sources, with a corresponding peak electric field of 115 kV cm −1 and a corresponding ponderomotive potential of 60 eV. Nonlinear THz experiments were performed using these energetic THz pulses, and open aperture Z-scan experiments in an n-doped InGaAs layer revealed a transmission enhancement of 1.7. It was also shown that in order to have efficient THz generation, the energy contrast of the laser must be kept high.

Printable electronics is a promising manufacturing technology for the potential production of low-cost flexible electronic devices, ranging from displays to active wear. It is known that rapid printing of conductive ink on a flexible substrate is vulnerable to several sources of variation during the manufacturing process. However, this process is still not being subjected to a quality control method that is both non-invasive and in situ. To address this issue, we propose controlling the printing accuracy by monitoring the spatial distribution of the deposited ink using terahertz (THz) waves. The parameters studied are the printing speed of an industrial roll-toroll press with flexography printing units and the pre-calibration compression, or expansion factor, for a pattern printed on a flexible plastic substrate. The pattern, which is carefully selected, has Babinet's electromagnetic transmission properties in the THz frequency range. To validate our choice, we quantified the geometric variations of the printed pattern by visible microscopy and compared its accuracy using one-dimensional THz spectroscopy. Our study shows a remarkable agreement between visible microscopic observation of the printing performance and the signature of the THz transmission. Notably, under specific conditions, one-dimensional (1D) THz information from a resonant pattern can be more accurate than two-dimensional (2D) microscopy information. This result paves the way for a simple strategy for non-invasive and contactless in situ monitoring of printable electronics production.

Over the past decade, printed electronics (PE) has shown great potential for a wide range of industries, from consumer goods, electronics, aerospace, automotive, pharmaceutical, biomedical, to textiles and fashion. The rapid development of printing technology has been strongly driven by the growth of the PE market and its many applications. Here, we review the latest trends in PE production quality control, focusing on emerging technologies such as terahertz spectroscopy, which may play a key role in the development of smart manufacturing of PE devices in the near future. We also provide a comparison with conventional quality control technologies or off-line measurements, such as four-point probe measurements, atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, etc.