In recent decades, there have been an increasing number of outbreaks of Ips typographus in Europe. A large amount of sanitary felling has taken place, with significant economic and ecological consequences. In order to anticipate such large‐scale outbreaks, an effective monitoring system should be set up. One important aspect of monitoring is deciding which pheromone to use. Therefore, we decided to test five different commercially available pheromone lures under different disturbance conditions: Pheroprax®, IT Ecolure Extra®, Ipstyp®, Ipsowit® and Typosan®. We investigated the ability of the pheromones to distinguish between disturbed and undisturbed locations, their cost‐efficiency ratio, and side effects such as bycatch abundance and composition. We set 50 traps in two areas with sites that were disturbed and undisturbed by windstorms. We collected the catch from traps every 1–2 weeks from the end of March until the end of September in 2019. We found that IT Ecolure Extra®, Ipsowit® and ® Pheroprax® caught the most I. typographus and best showed changes in the trap catch of I. typographus throughout the whole season. There was a low amount of bycatch (<6% of the total catch) and a low number of predators (a few specimens), but some groups seem to prefer certain pheromones. The cost of the pheromones increased with their effectiveness. However, pheromone costs are low relative to the personnel costs involved in setting traps and collecting the catch. Based on all of the gathered data, we created an index which helps to assess the cost‐efficiency of the five chosen commercially available pheromones. We also present guidelines on how to make such an index to assist other researchers in choosing the right pheromone for monitoring populations of I. typographus or other bark beetle species.

After causing damage in Asia and the USA, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu recently established in Europe on Castanea. The first outbreak in Europe occurred at a C. sativa nursery for production of plants for planting in Cuneo (Piemonte, Italy) in 2002. The Piemonte official service notified Slovenia that a consignment originating from an infested nursery was sold to Slovenia. Prompt phytosanitary action was taken in Slovenia in 2005 in order to trace back plants from this consignment and prevent establishment of the pest. In the period 2006–2009, intensive surveys of forests and fruit production areas showed absence of the pest in the majority of the Slovenian territory, including the demarcated area from 2005. An earlier introduction of infested plants from Cuneo in January 2004 remained undiscovered until 2007. Despite the radical measure of eliminating the infested orchard and removing infested Castanea trees in the forest bordering this orchard, the pest was not eradicated in this outbreak area. Individual infested trees in the forest were confirmed at a distance of up to 10–34 km in 2008, and a further 15 km in 2009. The results of annual surveys, eradication campaigns based on generic contingency elements and the change of strategy after the finding of infested forests are presented.

Splošno o smrekovih podlubnikih V Sloveniji živi okoli 90 vrst podlubnikov. Naseljujejo večinoma iglavce. Večjo škodo v slovenskih gozdovih povzročajo podlubniki na smreki, jelki in na borih. Daleč največ poškodb povzročajo smrekovi podlubniki, zlasti osmerozobi ali veliki smrekov lubadar (Ips typographus), slika 1. Smrekovi podlubniki najbolj ogrožajo gozdove starejših iglavcev na prisojnih, predvsem južnih, jugozahodnih legah, na talnih podlagah rečnih naplavin in v nižinah, posebej na rastiščih, kjer je oskrba gozda z vodo slaba. Tanjše drevje smreke, vrhove in veje pa pogosteje napada šesterozobi ali mali smrekov lubadar (Pityogenes chalcographus), slika 2.

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Podlubniki ogrožajo slovenske gozdove tudi v letu 2016Leto 2015 je zaznamovala izredna namnožitev podlubnikov, ki je bila v drugi vegetacijski dobi po obsežnem žledolomu iz februarja 2014 pričakovana, saj sledi vsaki obsežnejši naravni ujmi, v kateri je poškodovana večja količina smreke. Vendar je bil obseg poškodb zaradi podlubnikov, zlasti zaradi osmerozobega smrekovega lubadarja (Ips typographus), zaradi izredno toplega poletja in jeseni 2015 večji od pričakovanega. Zaradi podlubnikov je bilo v letu 2015 posekanih dreves za 1,8 milijona m 3 , kar je 2,4 več od sedaj največjega evidentiranega letnega poseka zaradi podlubnikov iz leta 2005 (0,75 milijonov m 3 ). Slika 1: Posek zaradi podlubnikov po letih v obdobju 1995-2015 v gozdovih SlovenijeNamnožitev podlubnikov je bila pričakovano največja na območjih smrekovih sestojev, ki so bili od žleda najbolj poškodovani (GGO Ljubljana, Postojna, Tolmin, Kranj). Žarišča na teh območjih so se v poletnem obdobju 2015 izredno hitro širila, največja so dosegla tudi nekaj 100 ha oziroma več 10.000 m 3 smreke.