However, our latest study on growth restricted and hypoxic human fetuses has shown that perinatal brain lesions can develop even before the loss of cerebrovascular variability. The fetal exposure to hypoxia can be quantified by using a new vascular score, the hypoxia index. This parameter, which takes into account the degree as well as duration of fetal hypoxia, can be calculated by summing the daily % C / U ratio reduction from the cut-off value 1 over the period of observation. According to our results, the use of this parameter, which calculates the cumulative, relative oxygen deficit, could allow for the first time the sensitive and reliable prediction and even prevention of adverse neurological outcome in pregnancies complicated by fetal hypoxia.

Objective

Demencija je sindrom globalnog i progresivnog oštećenja stečenih kognitivnih sposobnosti pri očuvanoj svijesti prouzročen organskom bolešću središnjeg živčanog sustava u kojem su posebno oštećene sposobnosti pamćenja, učenja, apstraktnog mišljenja, orijentacije te poimanja vidno-prostornih odnosa. Prevalencija i incidencija Alzheimerove bolesti (AB), najčešćeg uzroka demencije, znatno je veća kod žena nego kod muškaraca, a ta se razlika s dobi povećava. Dvostruko veća učestalost AB kod žena u odnosu na muškarce djelomično se može objasniti time što žene imaju očekivano dulji životni vijek. Žene imaju lošiju kognitivnu izvedbu na mnogim neuropsihologijskim testovima u odnosu na muškarce u istom stadiju bolesti, odnosno višestruke kognitivne funkcije kod žena teže su i šire zahvaćene nego kod muškaraca. Mogući razlozi za ovakvu nepovoljnost naspram žena su redukcija estrogena u postmenopauzi, veće kognitivne rezerve muškaraca te utjecaj apolipoproteina E. Određeni biološki čimbenici također bi mogli objasniti različite kliničke manifestacije AB s obzirom na spol. Osim što prema prezentiranim podatcima žene češće obolijevaju od AB, žene su također te koje u bitno većoj mjeri pružaju neformalnu njegu ljudima s demencijom, te su oko dvije trećine neformalnih njegovatelja žene. Zaključno, u daljnjem istraživačkom i kliničkom radu s AB svakako bi trebalo obratiti pozornost na spoznaje o spolnim razlikama u razvoju i progresiji ove bolesti. / Dementia is a syndrome of global and progressive impairment of acquired cognitive abilities with

Demencija je javnozdravstveni problem koji će postati sve vidljiviji kako stanovništvo stari. Danas u svijetu živi 50 milijuna ljudi oboljelih od demencije, a procjenjuje se da će do 2030. broj oboljelih narasti na 65,7 milijuna, odnosno na 115,4 milijuna oboljelih do 2050. godine. Danas kada demenciju nastojimo dijagnosticirati što ranije, bitno je oboljelima i njihovim obiteljima ponuditi kontinuirani i što kvalitetniji program liječenja i skrbi. U ovom radu željeli smo pokazati koji su glavni problemi vezani uz Alzheimerovu bolest i druge demencije u suvremenom svijetu, a bitno utječu na život žena njegovatelja. Opisan je utjecaj na žene koje skrbe za ljude s demencijom u ulozi profesionalnog njegovatelja i na žene koje preuzimaju ulogu neformalnog njegovatelja osobe oboljele od demencije. Rano prepoznavanje emocionalnog stresa kod njegovatelja nužno je kako bi se uspjelo preventivno djelovati (savjetovanje, suportivna psihoterapija, kognitivno-bihevioralni tretman), te spriječiti razvoj ili pogoršanje već postojećih tjelesnih bolesti (npr. kardiovaskularnih), odnosno mentalnih poremećaja od kojih su, osim nesanice, najčešći anksioznost i depresivnost. / Dementia is a public health problem that will become more obvious as the population grows older. There are 50 million people with dementia in the world, and it is estimated that the number of people with dementia will rise to 65.7 million by 2030, and 115.4 million by 2050. At present, we are trying to diagnose dementia as early as possible, and it is important to offer patients and their families a continuous and high-quality program of treatment and care. In this article, we wanted to show the main problems connected with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in the modern world which influence the lives of female caregivers. The influence on women who take care of people with dementia as professional caregivers, as well as women who take the role of an informal caregiver of a person with dementia has been described. Early recognition of emotional stress in caregivers is necessary for successful preventive actions (counselling, supportive psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioural treatment) and for preventing the development or worsening of already existing somatic diseases (e.g. cardiovascular), as well as mental disorders, among which, apart from insomnia, anxiety and depression are the most common forms.

Introduction and Aims:We assumed that the shizophrenic patients with low social functioning use less successful stress coping skills. The study was designed to examine connection between social functioning and stress coping skills in a group of schizophrenic patients according to the influence made by age, gender, professional education, involvement in occupation therapy, guardianship, duration of illness and social contacts.Methods:Examinees (n=123) with diagnosed shizophrenia accommodated at a social care Institution for mentally ill persons. The housing process was identified as a stressful event. Coping skills scale adapted from Arcel and Ljubotina and an Adaptive function scale according to Bellack have been used in the study. The following methods have been used for statistics: descriptive analysis, regression analysis, discriminatively analysis and group centroids.Results:There were statistically significant between better social functioning and use of special types of stress coping, especially by females and patients involved in occupation therapy. There is no statistically significant difference between groups of examinees considering their age, professional education, guardianship and duration of illness in relation to social functioning and stress coping skills. In reference to social contacts, statistically significant difference exists in the segment of stress coping while in social functioning there are no significant differences.Conclusions:There were statistically significant differences between social functioning and stress coping skills in schizophrenic patients in term that patients with better social functioning use more successful coping skills. The results suggest that stress coping program for schizophrenic patients can influence the outcome of disease.