Despite an understating of accelerated aging attributed to changes in body composition and an increased risk of acquired chronic metabolic disease following spinal cord injury (SCI), the current status of nutritional health of those living with a SCI remains unknown. The objective was to investigate nutritional status in chronic spinal SCI and compare macronutrient and micronutrient intake to the recommended values by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. A MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science literature search was performed, identifying 268 papers. All papers included were English‐language papers examining nutritional status in adults with chronic SCI. After applying the inclusion criteria, a meta‐analysis using a linear mixed effects model was performed on 11 papers to produce weighted averages and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Weighted averages for age, weight, and time since injury were 39.5 y (CI: 36.0, 43.1; N = 541), 77.4 kg (CI: 72.3, 82.6; N=175), and 12.3 y (CI: 9.3, 15.3; N = 525), respectively. Resting metabolic rate (1492 kcal/day; CI: 1414–1569) fell below the able‐bodied average, and total energy (1866 kcal/day; CI: 1666–2066) and fiber (16 g/day; CI: 13–19) intake were below USDA guidelines (Figure). Protein (315 kcal/day; CI: 288–342) and carbohydrate (953 kcal/day; CI: 824–1082) intake were above guidelines (Figure). Fat intake (675 kcal/day; CI: 596–755) was within USDA guidelines (Figure). Vitamins A, B5, B7, B9, D, E, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were deficient, while vitamins B1, B2, B3, B12, C, K, sodium, phosphorus, and copper were in excess according to USDA guidelines. Vitamin B6, iron, and zinc were within USDA guidelines. Findings indicate greater energy intake relative to energy needs in those with chronic SCI, and an imbalance in fiber intake and micronutrients compared to the USDA guidelines. Future research examining nutritional health status is needed in order to establish evidence‐based, SCI‐specific dietary guidelines. Support or Funding Information NA This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

The objective of this systematic review was to examine resting metabolic rate (RMR) measured through indirect calorimetry in adults with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) and to evaluate the predication equations used for the estimation of RMR in this population. The authors additionally aimed to review the impact of sex and level of injury on RMR. A MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science search was performed for studies published from the database inception to January 2018, identifying 326 articles. On the basis of the inclusion criteria, 22 studies remained for review. All articles that were identified were full-text, English language articles examining adults with chronic SCI who were fasted for a minimum of 8 hr before undergoing RMR through indirect calorimetry for at least 20 min. The measured RMR ranged from 1,256.0 to 1,854.0 kcal/day, whereas the estimated RMR ranged from 1,276.8 to 1,808.0 kcal/day in the chronic SCI population. Seven studies overestimated RMR from 4% to 15%, whereas two studies underestimated RMR from 2% to 17% using prediction equations established for the able-bodied population. Two studies produced SCI-specific equations to estimate RMR. With regard to sex and level of injury, RMR does not differ between individuals with tetraplegia and paraplegia, whereas sex-based differences remain inconclusive, given limited results. These data provide evidence for the use of indirect calorimetry to assess RMR and the need to validate SCI-specific prediction equations in the estimation of RMR.

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Rationale and Objectives: Our objectives were (1) to determine the extent to which gender discrimination and sexual harassment are experienced by female radiologists and trainees; (2) to examine whether experiencing harassment or discrimination influences perceptions of gender parity; and (3) to explore whether the existence of either formal institutional policies or the number of women in the workplace and/or in leadership positions influences perceptions of having achieved gender equity.Materials and Methods: An online anonymous questionnaire, developed through an Association of University Radiologists (AUR) À affiliated 2019À2020 Task Force, was used to assess participant demographics, perceptions of gender parity, and experiences of gender discrimination and sexual harassment.Results: A total of 375 complete responses were collected. All respondents were female with most practices consisting of fewer than 25% female radiologists. The majority of respondents reported having been a victim of sexual harassment (n = 226, 60.3%) and gender discrimination (n = 318, 84.8%) in the workplace. Approximately 87.5% of participants believed workplace gender parity would take longer than 10 years to achieve; 26.9% responded that it will never happen. Experiencing gender discrimination or harassment in the workplace was significantly associated with a negative outlook on achieving gender parity. Conversely, the presence and number of adequate formal institutional policies to address workplace gender equity and harassment were significantly associated with optimistic views on achieving gender parity. Higher percentages of women in one's practice as well as number of women in leadership positions were also significantly associated with more optimistic expectations. Conclusion:Gender discrimination and sexual harassment are common in the field of radiology and influence victims' outlook on achieving gender parity in the workplace. Perceptions can be improved by implementing adequate institutional training policies on harassment and increasing the representation of female radiologists.