This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effects of exercise in improving cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight children and adolescents until the adolescent age, which is 18 years. A systemic search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, from inception to 29 June 2021. All statistical analyses were conducted in Review Manager 5.4.1. All studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. A random-effect model was used to pool the studies, and the results are reported in the odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% Confidence interval (CI). Twelve randomized control trials were selected for meta-analysis. Significant results were obtained for BMI in children after the interventions (0.38 95% CI 0.14, 0.62; p = 0.002; I2 = 65%). LDL level was also found significantly reduced (0.41 95% CI 0.01, 0.82; p = 0.05; I2 = 83%). Other factors such as HDL level, blood pressure, blood glucose level, body weight, and waist circumference were also analyzed. We found that exercise interventions significantly improved several cardiometabolic risk factors such as BMI, LDL level, BP, and blood glucose level. However, no significant effect on HDL concentration, waist circumference, and body weight were found. Long-term interventions are needed to attain improvement in all cardiometabolic risk factors.

Background and Aims: Metabolic syndrome represents a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors and reached epidemic proportions. It was hypothesized that disturbances in phosphate metabolism may represent a feature of the metabolic syndrome. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between phosphate levels and the presence of metabolic syndrome components, as well as the putative mechanism for reduced phosphate level in metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 155 subjects: 64 with metabolic syndrome and 91 controls. Biochemical parameters of the metabolic syndrome study population were compared with the healthy population. Results: Patients with metabolic syndrome showed significantly lower phosphate (46%) and magnesium levels compared with controls (22.7%) (p<0.001). Women showed significantly greater serum phosphate levels than men (3.32 mg/dl versus 3.18 mg/dl) (p<0.03). Serum magnesium levels did no differ significantly between men and women. Fractional phosphate excretion rates in patients with metabolic syndrome were similar with controls (10.1±10.2% vs 13.1±9.9%), as well as fractional magnesium excretion (3.1±1.6% vs 2.8±1.3%). Conclusions: Patients with metabolic syndrome show significantly lower phosphate and magnesium concentrations compared to controls. This reduction is likely to be attributed to internal redistribution of phosphate and is more pronounced as the number of components of metabolic syndrome increases

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently considered a complex systemic infectious and inflammatory disease, determined by the infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the cause of one of the most important epidemiological phenomena in the last century – the COVID-19 pandemic. This infectious-inflammatory disease may generate a wide range of clinical manifestations and biological modifications, explained by the ubiquitous nature of the SARS-CoV-2 receptors, represented by the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), and by the host’s violent immune and proinflammatory reaction to the viral infection. These manifestations include immunological disturbances, which, according to certain clinical findings, may persist post-infection, in the form of a presumed systemic inflammatory entity, defined by several clinical concepts with a common pathological significance: post-COVID-19 multisystem (or systemic) inflammatory syndrome, post-COVID syndrome or long-COVID. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms of the post-COVID-19 syndrome are elusive at the present moment, there are currently several studies that describe a systemic inflammatory or autoimmune phenomenon following the remission of the COVID-19 infection in some patients, which suggests the existence of molecular and cellular immune abnormalities, most probably due to the host’s initial violent immune response to the viral infection, in the form of three overlapping entities: secondary hemophagocytic lymph histiocytosis (HLH), macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Thus, this is reminiscent of different classic autoimmune diseases, in which various infections are risk factors in developing the autoimmune process.