The urban domestic gardens that are part of urban green areas have become a very important element due to their ecosystematic benefits and the poor information about them. Information regarding the floristic richness of three socioeconomic stratifications from the city of Heredia, Costa Rica is presented in this study. Research was conducted from October 2011 to May 2012. Information was collected using a semistructured questionnaire, which was provided to 61 garden owners, including the owner's personal data, time living in the dwelling, area of the property and the garden, variation of its size in time and the garden's location on the property. In addition, a floristic inventory was conducted in each garden as well as a taxonomic identification of all plants. Vegetative forms and substrates were also noted. Characteristics of the gardens and their owners were then analyzed to determine the relationship of species richness between the three sites studied. The number of plant species recorded was 618, corresponding to 102 families (19 % exotic). Regarding geographical origin, 64, 4 % were exotic, 35,6 % native. Orchidaceae (93 spp.) and Araceae (39 spp.) were the most dominant families. The variables of garden area and location and owner's age determined the garden's floristic richness. In addition, the garden's area and vegetative forms varied among the sites studied probably due to socioeconomic differences among them. Diversity of pioneer plants increased with the garden's area. In sum, this research provides important floristic information of domestic gardens, since, being private property, data about them is scarce and municipal management guidelines are nonexistent.

Background Urban ethnobotanical research in Costa Rica is rather rare and home gardens are poorly studied so far. Investigating their biodiversity is crucial in gathering knowledge on the uses of this particular flora, especially related to the owners’ health. This study therefore explores the diversity and knowledge of medicinal plants of private garden owners from three different urban neighborhoods in Heredia, Costa Rica, an thus far understudied area. Methods Semi-structured interviews (n = 61) were conducted with garden owners in three socioeconomically different urban neighborhoods (Central Heredia, Maria Auxiliadora and Bernardo Benavides). Information was collected about medicinal plants cultivated in the garden, treatments, plant part used and mode of administration. All species were identified and their geographical origin was determined. This information was then compared with the available regional and local (ethno)pharmacopoeias to detect possible newly documented uses. Results The majority or 90% of garden owners who also held knowledge on medicinal plants species were women (n = 30) of all ages (between 26 and 85 years old). A list of 27 species of medicinal plants was obtained from the participants of three urban neighborhoods. In Central Heredia, 74% (n = 20) of the total species were present, in Maria Auxiliadora 33% (n = 9) and in Bernardo Benavides 56% (n = 15). Most plant species were used by the participants to treat respiratory problems (11 spp.), hair and skin problems (9 spp.) and digestive disorders (8 spp.). Some plants were used to treat multiple ailments (10 spp.). About a third of all species (n = 8) were used by the participants to treat disorders that were not indicated in the regional and local pharmacopoeias. More specifically, Aloe saponaria, Blechum pyramidatum, Costus scaber, Impatiens walleriana, Lippia alba, Tradescantia zebrina, Psidium friedrichsthalianum and Solenostemon scutellarioides used for medicinal purposes by the participants were not found in the above-mentioned resources. Conclusions The present study provides new information about the use of medicinal plants in a thus far understudied urban area in Costa Rica. We documented new medicinal uses for several plants listed in the regional and local pharmacopoeias as well as for plants not previously reported in an urban environment. In general, there is little information about the types of plants used for medicinal purposes in urban ecosystems in Costa Rica. Although the country has a high endemic diversity of plants, many exotic medicinal plant species were introduced by the Spaniards during the colonization and by Afro-Costa Rican descendants. The present results thus show how the diversity of the medicinal plants used by these garden owners' confirms a socioeconomic gradient and reflects both Costa Rica’s colonial history as well as the current epidemiological profile of the country. These findings underline the need for more ethnobotanical research in urban areas in Costa Rica.

Desde el modelo de gestión del desarrollo sostenible, las ciudades deben procurar unas relaciones de equilibrio entre los recursos naturales y el desarrollo económico y social, de tal forma que las condiciones ambientales dentro y fuera de estos espacios urbanos no alcancen patrones y condiciones no deseadas. Este estudio surge de la necesidad de contar con un sistema de seguimiento de la sostenibilidad socioambiental de las ciudades por medio de criterios e indicadores. Con la participación de expertos nacionales se generó una lista 327 indicadores, los cuales fueron reagrupados según sus características en 82 indicadores distribuidos en 9 criterios: agua, energía, fauna, áreas verdes urbanas, suelo, gestión ambiental, manejo de residuos sólidos y líquidos, ordenamiento del territorio y sociedad & gobernanza. Por medio de revisión bibliográfica, solo 43 indicadores contaron con información completa y operativa para ser evaluados. Mediante taller de expertos nacionales se evalúo la factibilidad teórica de ser aplicados. El resultado final es un compendio de 19 indicadores socioambientales, que cumplen con al menos el 80 % de pertinencia, relevancia, robustez y disponibilidad de datos. Sin embargo, los expertos mencionaron que el costo, la escala y la calidad son variables que deben ser utilizadas para seleccionar, adaptar o construir indicadores que permitan el seguimiento de la sostenibilidad socioambiental para ciudades de Costa Rica.

This research article considers the quantification of the access that residents of the city of Heredia have to some basic services in the city, taking as reference the distance to which the residents live, calculating what percentage of the population resides at 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 m and more than 1000 m away from the location of the services. The results obtained show heterogeneous access to services by the residents of the city, which is expected in an urban area that has grown and evolved in response to economic and commercial interests, without the intervention of an entity to plan and regulate the activities based on the well-being of the resident population.