The prevalence of diabetes during pregnancy has been steadily increasing in the US, mainly gestational diabetes (approximately 90% of the cases). The other types of diabetes during pregnancy are type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus represents approximately 8% of all types of diabetes during pregnancy. The increase in the prevalence of gestational diabetes occurred in parallel with the increase in the prevalence of obesity. The diagnosis of gestational diabetes is made either through one-step or two-step strategy in pregnant women between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. Diabetes screening is also recommended at the first prenatal visit to women with increased risk factors for diabetes. The management of diabetes during pregnancy involves nutritional medical therapy and/ or pharmacological treatment, in order to achieve the glycemic targets that have been associated with the lowest risk of maternal and fetal complications. Considering the possibility of diabetic complications (retinopathy) during pregnancy, the screening of women with pre-existing diabetes is also necessary. Moreover, gestational diabetes has been associated with an increase in the risk of developing maternal type 2 diabetes, in approximately 50-70% of the cases, after the age of 15-25 years. Therefore, it is recommended to test women with gestational diabetes, between 4-12 weeks' post-partum, using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). If the results are normal, the test should be performed every 1 to 3 years.

Diabetes mellitus comprises a heterogeneous group of metabolic abnormalities, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, resulting from a deficiency in insulin secretion, a deficiency in action, or from both situations. In its evolution, diabetes can lead to acute or chronic complications, which can be avoided or whose progression can be slowed by optimal glycemic control, provided by the effective treatment, diet, physical activity and glycemic monitoring. One of the most common complications of diabetes is diabetic neuropathy which, in combination or not with peripheral arterial disease, may result in leg changes (ulcers, gangrene, amputations), changes that are known under the heading of diabetic foot. The risk of developing leg ulcer is 25% in the life of a patient with type 1 or 2 diabetes, and amputations of varying degrees may sometimes be necessary. These can, however, be prevented by active screening characterized by the neurological examination for neuropathic signs, and the vascular examination to highlight the presence of peripheral arterial disease. Therefore, in order to prevent the appearance of leg ulcers and to reduce the morbidity associated with it, it is important to diagnose and manage risk factors.