En el occidente colombiano se registra una deformación extensional durante el Cretácico y una deformación transpresiva durante el Cretácico Superior-Paleoceno; esta última se considera como producto de la orogenia Calima. Evidencias de la deformación extensional incluyen la presencia de estructuras tipo graben y horst a escala de cartografía regional y la existencia de zonas miloníticas subhorizontales y núcleos metamórficos tipo core complex. A partir de la recopilación de datos geocronológicos y paleontológicos, y de un análisis estructural regional, se establece que el primer evento deformativo ocurrió en el Cretácico, con un esfuerzo extensional máximo de 103°N. Por su parte, el segundo evento deformativo inició en el flanco occidental de la Cordillera Central colombiana a los ca. 70 Ma, y se propagó al norte-noroccidente. Este evento se asocia con una deformación transpresiva dextral, y se caracteriza por reutilizar la fábrica extensional y generar inversión progresiva de las estructuras de graben existentes, con un esfuerzo compresivo máximo horizontal de 194°N. A partir de estas conclusiones, basadas en las características litológicas-estructurales de las unidades, se propone para el sector norte del occidente colombiano un origen in situ de la construcción de la margen continental del NW de Suramérica en el Cretácico. Esta margen experimentó un proceso orogénico que incluye eventos de levantamiento, construcción de relieve, colapso, erosión, desplazamiento de depocentros y cierre de cuencas del borde continental hacia el noroccidente colombiano.
The present study reviews radiometric and thermobarometric techniques used to construct cooling curves or paths to characterize intrusive bodies and to calculate cooling and exhumation rates. To construct these curves or paths, the temperature, time and depth variables must be estimated in intrusive bodies by applying various analytical techniques, including thermobarometry and U-Pb zircon, Ar-Ar hornblende and muscovite, fission track and (U-Th)/He zircon and apatite dating, in combination with a geological framework of reference for each intrusive body. The authors recommend to determine the crystallization age by zircon U-Pb dating, to quantify the emplacement depth using thermobarometry methods according to the composition of the intrusive body, to calculate the initial cooling ages with hornblende and muscovite Ar-Ar methods, as well as to calculate the cooling/exhumation ages in the upper crust using low-temperature thermochronology methods. These cooling curves or paths in intrusive bodies are highly relevant when studying compressive or extensional areas because they partly represent the thermal history of the era, thereby providing data on the magmatic and tectonic evolution of the region. Thus, these studies are highly important for designing geodynamic models and for their possible application in developing the tectonic model of the country.
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