Abstract:Prosopis laevigata and Mimosa biuncifera are frequently found in arid and semiarid shrublands, but scarce information is available about their influence on plant community structure and soil fertility. We compared plant community structure, diversity and soil nutrients of three semiarid shrubland sites located in Mezquital Valley, Mexico. These sites differ in their dominant species: Site 1 (Bingu) P. laevigata, Site 2 (González) M. biuncifera, and Site 3 (Rincón) with the presence of both legumes. The results showed that the plant community with P. laevigata and M. biuncifera (Site 3) had more cover, taller plants and higher plant diversity than sites with only one legume (Site 1 and Site 2). Soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus-Olsen (P) and C mineralization were higher in the soil under the canopy of both legumes than in bare soil. In contrast, soil cation concentrations were lower under the canopy of P. laevigata, but not for M. biuncifera. In addition, the density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores was higher within the soil under the canopy of M. biuncifera than in the soil under the canopy of P. laevigata. Thus, resource islands (RI) created by P. laevigata increased the amounts of SOC, TN and P when compared with the RI of M. biuncifera. This study provided evidences about the importance of species identity in order to expand the niche availability for the establishment of other plants, and highlights that P. laevigata and M. biuncifera jointly influencing plant colonization within semiarid ecosystems. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (1): 87-103. Epub 2012 March 01.
The recovery in richness, composition, structure and tree diversity was studied in three conditions of secondary tropical deciduous forest with different time of abandonment (C35, C45 and C65 years) in the southeast of the state of Morelos. In each condition, three plots of 50 × 50 m (2,500 m 2) were established and all individuals ≥ 2.5 cm of normal diameter (ND) were measured. In total, 2,791 individuals belonging to 79 species, 53 genera and 30 families were registered. Fabaceae was the family with the largest number of species and individuals. C45 had the highest species richness (57), followed by C35 (48) and C65 (43). The conditions were different (p < 0.0001) in basal area, total height, ND and crown coverage. The species with the highest relative value of importance (IVIR) and forest value (IVFR) were
<p>Hintonia latiflora (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Bullock, la “quina amarilla”, es un árbol americano propio del bosque tropical caducifolio, valioso, debido a que la corteza tiene propiedades medicinales. La principal zona de abasto comercial de quina amarilla está al norte del estado de Guerrero, México. Esta contribución aporta información bibliográfica en torno a la historia natural y del aprovechamiento de <em>H. latiflora</em> en toda su área de distribución. Además, incorpora datos de campo originales acerca del hábitat, densidad, fenología, dispersión, arquitectura, comercialización e intensidad en el aprovechamiento de algunas poblaciones de quina amarilla de la cuenca alta del Río Balsas. Se encontraron factores biofísicos importantes para el establecimiento, crecimiento y supervivencia de la especie. La fenología consiste en la floración en la primavera-verano, foliación en el verano, fructificación a finales del verano y dispersión durante el invierno. La dispersión es anemócora y barócora. La arquitectura arbórea se relaciona con factores ambientales y la cosecha de corteza. Se observó que la densidad y disponibilidad de la especie cambian con las características de los sitios y con la intensidad de recolección. La comercialización de la quina implica a tres actores: los recolectores, los acopiadores locales y los compradores regionales. Los precios históricos de la corteza al consumidor han aumentado pero al considerar los precios sin inflación, realmente han bajado. Se destaca que la mayor amenaza para las poblaciones es la intensidad de aprovechamiento y la práctica descuidada de la cosecha.</p>
RESUMEN:La relación maguey-hombre mesoamericano data de hace 10 mil años y el aprovechamiento de la planta para elaborar pulque se remonta aproximadamente a tres mil años. Esta agroindustria que floreció entre 1870 a 1900 ha decaído, lo que pone en riesgo el aprovechamiento tradicional y otros más rentables como la producción de inulina y jarabe de fructosa. Se documentó el aprovechamiento del maguey pulquero en localidades de Puebla y Tlaxcala, seleccionadas por muestreo aleatorio estratificado. Los datos taxonómicos, socioeconómicos, de gestión y actividades de productores, tlachiqueros y consumidores, se recabaron mediante entrevistas estructuradas y observación participativa. Se identificaron siete tipos de magueyes, cultivados en superficies promedio de tres ha; se describieron las labores culturales y actividades propias de los productores. El aprovechamiento sustantivo fue la elaboración del pulque a partir de magueyes de 10 a 14 años de madurez, mediante prácticas culturales tradicionales. Las herramientas para la producción, transporte de aguamiel y elaboración de pulque han sido sustituidas por materiales más resistentes y duraderos, que no necesariamente han mejorado el proceso y calidad del pulque. La duración del ciclo del cultivo, poca demanda de pulque, baja rentabilidad económica y ausencia de normas de protección para la planta, han provocado la disminución de la superficie de cultivo del maguey y la erosión del conocimiento del cultivo y su aprovechamiento. La permanencia del maguey pulquero dependerá de las acciones efectuadas en conjunto por las autoridades, los miembros de la cadena productiva e investigadores, y programas que incentiven el interés e incremento del cultivo de esta planta. ABSTRACT:The man-maguey relationship in Mesoamerica, and the use of the plant for pulque production goes back 10 000 years ago and three thousand years respectively. This agro-industry that flourished in the last third of the nineteenth century is at risk even its traditional use and others more profitable uses such as the production of inulin and fructose syrup with high demand in the international market. The use of maguey was documented and compared in localities of four municipalities of Puebla and Tlaxcala, selected by means of stratified random sampling. Data of taxonomic, socio-economic, management and activities of producers, "tlachiqueros" 207 and consumers, were collected through structured interviews and observational participation. The results showed seven types of maguey, on areas of three ha in average, imbricated with maize, barley and bean, of which cultural practices and activities proper of producers are described. The most important was the elaboration of pulque, using maguey plants from 10 to 14 years of age. The cultivation and use have been maintained over the years. The tools used for the recollection, transport and processing of aguamiel and production of pulque have been replaced by more resistant and durable materials, which have not necessarily improved the process and quality of p...
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