Sigurnost zaposlenja predstavlja jednu od osnovnih dimenzija dostojanstvenog rada prema nomenklaturi Međunarodne organizacije rada. Naznačena kao „stabilnost i sigurnost zaposlenja”, ova dimenzija ukazuje da za postizanje standarda dostojanstvenog rada nije dovoljno postaviti odgovarajuće uslove rada već i da je jedan od glavnih parametara koji dostojanstven rad razlikuje od prekarnih oblika rada upravo njegovo trajanje, koje omogućava da izvesnost trajanja i (ne)mogućnost da se radni odnos olako okonča sprečava da radnik bude izložen finansijskoj nestabilnosti, odnosno socijalnoj nesigurnosti. Imajući u vidu sve veću rasprostranjenost fleksibilnih oblika rada, koji neretko vode ka umanjenju obima sigurnosti zaposlenja, istraživanje je usmereno na izučavanje postojećih problema u državama u regionu u pogledu normiranja sigurnosti zaposlenja. Prvenstveni cilj kritičkog pregleda zakonskih rešenja jeste da se prepoznaju određeni trendovi u uređenju radnog odnosa, analiziraju postojeći odnosi između poslodavaca i radnika u pogledu forme ugovaranja rada i prava radnika u pogledu prestanka rada, kao i da se pokaže da li je u datim okolnostima moguće očuvati pravo na sigurnost zaposlenja u skladu sa njegovim tradicionalnim elementima. U radu se analiziraju postojeća rešenja u četiri države iz okruženja, od kojih su dve članice Evropske unije (Mađarska i Hrvatska) a dve nisu (Bosna i Hercegovina i Crna Gora). Rešenja predviđena u pomenutim zakonodavstvima poređena su sa rešenjima iz Zakona o radu Srbije u cilju formiranja zaključaka o mogućnostima unapređenja normativnog okvira u periodu usaglašavanja sa pravnim tekovinama Međunarodne organizacije rada i Evropske unije, kao i moguće primene uporednih rešenja koja su povoljnija po radnike. Početna hipoteza od koje se polazi u radu, primenom normativnog i uporednopravnog metoda, jeste da u posmatranim državama oblici fleksibilizacije rada aktivno utiču na odustajanje od koncepta sigurnosti rada, kao i da obim i kvalitet prava povodom prestanka radnog odnosa u državama regiona nije usaglašen, ali i da je povoljniji u državama koje su članice Evropske unije i koje ne prepoznaju rad van radnog odnosa, koji podrazumeva lišenje radnika osnovnih prava u slučaju otkaza ugovora o radu od strane poslodavca.
The use of information and communication technologies in the work process introduced significant innovations, as well as the emergence of new occupations and professions. This digitalisation of work affects the increase of efficiency and easier performance of a number of jobs, but also the precarisation of labour and shifting the focus of employers from employment to other, atypical forms of labour relations. At the same time, employed digital workers exercise some of their labour rights in a specific way. In most cases, digital work implies physical separation from the employer, which raises a number of questions: how to organise working hours, how to supervise the work of digital workers, how they can exercise their collective rights, how the employer can arrange a safe working environment outside its premises, and similar. On the other hand, workers who work outside the employment relationship, among which platform self-employed workers and freelancers stand out, are in a significantly more difficult position when it comes to exercising basic labour rights. The emergence of false self-employment, which is expanding along with the growth of the use of ICT in the work process in various occupations, as well as the virtually unresolved status of the" freelancers" working exclusively in short-term employment for multiple employers simultaneously or successively, are some of the most pressing problems in modern labour law. The research is focused on the analysis of all these issues; it does not largely deal with the basic clarification of the concepts and development of certain categories of employment - these issues are treated only superficially - but it rather indicates the upgrade of the initial tendencies of changes in the understanding of labour and employment, with particular emphasis on returning to classical form of labour relation, which has been refined and modernised with new elements resulting from the digitalisation of work.
Exceptional development of information and communication technologies has enabled emerging of new occupations in the last twenty years, but also new models of working engagement of people who cannot easily be classified under traditional labour law institutes. So-called "digital labour" has become reality of all societies around the globe. By developing Internet accessibility, there is almost no country in which digital workers might not appear. This type of work knows no boundaries, which leads to specific situations that classical labour law cannot always adequately address. The notion of a "digital worker" itself is not entirely clear. Whilst in this category can be counted those who are fully connected to computers and electronic communications (for example, programmers), it is not entirely certain whether digital worker is one who uses informational technologies only as a way of communicating with the employer while providing services in the "real world" (for example, uber workers). The above concerns, as well as many others that arise in these specific legal relationships, lead to the fact that digital workers are often considered insufficiently recognized in national labour law systems, as well as deprived of some basic rights that workers should have regardless of type of their work engagement. While many individual labour rights are compromised, collective rights can be said to be virtually non-existent, or at least very difficult to achieve. Our research focuses on current normative framework and possibilities for improvements in the labour law
Apstrakt: Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije i Zakon o sprečavanju zlostavljanja na radu predstavljaju novinu u pravnom sistemu Srbije. Pred sudovima je veliki zadatak izgradnje adekvatne prakse primene ovih propisa, otuda je važno razgraničiti tri pojma koja su slična ali se nikako ne mogu poistovetiti, posebno kada je reč o zaštiti prava zaposlenog, odnosno radno angažovanog lica: šikanozno vršenje prava koje se upravo temelji na sudskoj praksi, diskriminacija na radu i zlostavljanje na radu. Ovo pitanje postaje još važnije kada se ima u vidu da se jedan broj teoretičara ne trudi da ove institute razlikuje; usvajanje njihovih pojednostavljenih i pogrešnih tumačenja u praktičnoj primeni moglo bi da dovede do konfuzije i otežavanja položaja žrtve diskriminacije ili zlostavljanja na radu, koja traži zaštitu svojih prava pred sudom ili u drugom zakonom predviđenom postupku.Ključne reči: Diskriminacija na radu, zlostavljanje na radu, šikanozno vršenje prava, radni spor, krivični postupak, sudska praksa. UvodSrpski (i prethodno jugoslovenski) pravni sistem dugo je bio lišen regulative koja bi sankcionisala diskriminaciono ponašanje. Najpre kroz parcijalna rešenja, a onda i donošenjem opšteg Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije, 1 ovaj problem je donekle rešen. Sledeći savremena rešenja i trendove, ubrzo potom je srpsko pravo obogaćeno za još jedan sličan institut -zlostavljanje na radu. I diskriminacija i zlostavljanje su naravno postojali i pre donošenja ovih zakonskih tekstova, kao i njihovo sankci-
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