The objective of the current research was to review and update evidence on the dietary effect of the consumption of tagatose in type 2 diabetes, as well as to elucidate the current approach that exists on its production and biotechnological utility in functional food for diabetics. Articles published before July 1, 2017, were included in the databases PubMed, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and Scielo, including the terms “Tagatose”, “Sweeteners”, “Diabetes Mellitus type 2”, “Sweeteners”, “D-Tag”. D-Tagatose (D-tag) is an isomer of fructose which is approximately 90% sweeter than sucrose. Preliminary studies in animals and preclinical studies showed that D-tag decreased glucose levels, which generated great interest in the scientific community. Recent studies indicate that tagatose has low glycemic index, a potent hypoglycemic effect, and eventually could be associated with important benefits for the treatment of obesity. The authors concluded that D-tag is promising as a sweetener without major adverse effects observed in these clinical studies.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic metabolic disorders, and insulin has been placed at the epicentre of its pathophysiological basis. However, the involvement of impaired alpha (α) cell function has been recognized as playing an essential role in several diseases, since hyperglucagonemia has been evidenced in both Type 1 and T2DM. This phenomenon has been attributed to intra-islet defects, like modifications in pancreatic α cell mass or dysfunction in glucagon’s secretion. Emerging evidence has shown that chronic hyperglycaemia provokes changes in the Langerhans’ islets cytoarchitecture, including α cell hyperplasia, pancreatic beta (β) cell dedifferentiation into glucagon-positive producing cells, and loss of paracrine and endocrine regulation due to β cell mass loss. Other abnormalities like α cell insulin resistance, sensor machinery dysfunction, or paradoxical ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) opening have also been linked to glucagon hypersecretion. Recent clinical trials in phases 1 or 2 have shown new molecules with glucagon-antagonist properties with considerable effectiveness and acceptable safety profiles. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors) have been shown to decrease glucagon secretion in T2DM, and their possible therapeutic role in T1DM means they are attractive as an insulin-adjuvant therapy.

Introduction:To compare sleep habits, insomnia and daytime sleepiness in university students according to anthropometrics measures. Material and Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out on university students using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index. In addition, anthropometric variables were determined; weight, height and waist circumference. Results:We evaluated 1,275 university students (74% female). Students on average slept at midnight and slept on average 6.4 hours, 77.9% sleep less than recommended, 34.2% had daytime somnolence and 68.5% had insomnia. Regarding insomnia, it was observed that the low weight group presented the highest insomnia score that significantly contrasted with the normal weight group (p=0.04). In the case of daytime sleepiness when comparing by nutritional status, it was observed that obese students are the ones with the greatest daytime somnolence (p<0.05). Finally, there is an association between fewer sleep hours with higher BMI (OR:1.12 (95%CI:1.01-1.991)) and presence of insomnia (OR:2.734 (95%CI:1.324-5.645)). Conclusions:University students sleep less than recommended, have a high prevalence of insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness, in addition, it is obese women who present this alteration more frequently and the highest insomnia score is identified in underweight students. Both a high BMI and insomnia are associated with short-term sleep. Más información: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet. 2019; 23(3): 153 -161 Alteraciones del sueño y medidas antropométricas en estudiantes universitarios chilenos 154 Sleep disorders and anthropometric measures in Chilean university students R E S U M E N PALABRAS CLAVE CITATION Durán-Agüero S, Sepúlveda R, Guerrero-Wyss M. Sleep disorders and anthropometric measures in Chilean university students. Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet. 2019; 23(3): 153-61.

La fortificación de la harina de panificación en Chile con ácido fólico en mujeres embarazadas redujo en forma significativa los defectos del tubo neural, sin embargo esta situación también afecta al resto de la población. ¿Qué sucede con la suplementación en niños, adultos y adultos mayores que no requieren un aporte extra de ácido fólico? El objetivo de esta revisión es relacionar la fortificación de ácido fólico con el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer de colon. Algunos metaanálisis indican que la suplementación con folatos a largo plazo no aumentaría el riesgo relativo e incidencia de cáncer colorrectal, no obstante otros estudios creen pertinente estimar factible esta relación, ya que los datos no son concluyentes. La bibliografía disponible presenta resultados contradictorios; dependiendo del diseño metodológico del estudio, fuente de folato, dosis de fortificación y duración de ésta, además de la población objetivo; por lo que estas características deben ser consideradas en el análisis del riesgo de desarrollo de cáncer colorrectal. Se debe considerar que las pruebas no son concluyentes en relación a suplementación de folatos y el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer colorrectal. Los datos indican que la relación es dependiente de dosis y tiempo de administración, diseño metodológico, lugar geográfico del estudio, etnia de los sujetos, y otras variables como estilos de vida pudieron influir en algunos estudios. Se recomienda analizar futuros estudios realizados a nivel local y seguir con cautela la incidencia de cáncer colorrectal y relacionarlo con el desarrollo del programa de fortificación nacional con ácido fólico. PALABRAS CLAVE R E S U M E NCáncer de colon y su relación con la fortificación de ácido fólico