BackgroundThe role of bronchoscopy in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a matter of debate. Patients and methods: This observational multicenter study aimed to analyse the prognostic impact of bronchoscopic findings in a consecutive cohort of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Patients were enrolled at 17 hospitals from February to June, 2020. Predictors of in-hospital mortality were assessed by multivariate logistic regression.ResultsA total of 1027 bronchoscopies were performed in 515 patients (age 61.5±11.2; 73% men), stratified into a clinical suspicion cohort (n=30) and a COVID-19 confirmed cohort (n=485). In the clinical suspicion cohort, the diagnostic yield was 36.7%. In the COVID-19 confirmed cohort, bronchoscopies were predominantly performed in the intensive care unit (n=961; 96.4%) and major indications were: difficult mechanical ventilation (43.7%), mucus plugs (39%) and persistence of radiological infiltrates (23.4%). One hundred forty-seven bronchoscopies were performed to rule out superinfection, and diagnostic yield was 42.9%. There were abnormalities in 91.6% of bronchoscopies, the most frequent being mucus secretions (82.4%), haematic secretions (17.7%), mucus plugs (17.6%), and diffuse mucosal hyperemia (11.4%). The independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were: older age (Odds ratio [OR]=1.06; p<0.001), mucus plugs as indication for bronchoscopy (OR=1.60; p=0.041), absence of mucosal hyperemia (OR=0.49; p=0.041) and the presence of haematic secretions (OR=1.79; p=0.032).ConclusionsBronchoscopy may be indicated in carefully selected patients with COVID-19 to rule out superinfection and solve complications related to mechanical ventilation. The presence of haematic secretions in the distal bronchial tract may be considered a poor prognostic feature in COVID-19.

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Forest plot diagram illustrating the likelihood of seroconversion after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 among 11 observational studies performed in solid organ transplant recipients (n = 2694), which compared patients receiving mycophenolate-containing and mycophenolate-free immunosuppression regimes in opposite arms F I G U R E 2 Forest plot diagram illustrating the likelihood of seroconversion after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 among four observational studies performed in liver transplant patients (n = 655), which compared patients receiving mycophenolate-containing and mycophenolate-free immunosuppression regimes in opposite arms