Przegląd modeli uwzględniających efekt zarażania emocjonalnego w procesie ewakuacjiABSTRACT Purpose: A number of programs are available on the market to estimate individual parameters of the evacuation process. Starting from the estimated time of evacuation from the building, to the distribution of the use of individual evacuation routes, to the impact of the spreading of fire on evacuees. The most commonly used programs for modeling the evacuation process include Simulex, FDS + Evac, and Vissim. Currently, evacuation modeling software does not take into account psychological interactions between evacuees. What is of special importance in the evacuation process is emotional contagion. The phenomenon of emotional contagion has been the subject of extensive research recently. This article presents the current progress on the development of an accurate model that takes into account the effect of emotional contagion. Problems hindering the development of an appropriate model are also presented. The development prospects for such tools are also discussed using the example of the available models, such as ESCAPE, ASCRIBE and Durupinar. Introduction: The design of modern buildings requires the participants of the investment process to implement a number of solutions to ensure the safety of their future users. All types of modelling tools are used for this purpose, including those for evacuation modelling. Progress in the design of escape routes has contributed to the design of buildings that are much safer than they used to be in the past. Proper building design requires an analysis of a number of fire scenarios. The development of evacuation models is indispensable for proper safety assurance in designed and constructed buildings. Methodology: This article reviews the available literature on the existing models taking into account the effect of emotional contagion. It analyses and compares existing models and discusses limitations that prevent their use for evacuation safety analysis. Conclusions: Current evacuation modelling software does not take into account emotional contagion, an important phenomenon that occurs between evacuees. This phenomenon is common in every-day life but is particularly important during events involving crowds of people. It is necessary to further develop existing models to allow a more accurate reflection of reality, also in the context of emotional contagion. What may be helpful in this respect is research in the field of the psychology of emotion. ; Artykuł udostępniany na licencji CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). ABSTRAKTCel: Obecnie rynek oferuje szereg programów umożliwiających szacowanie poszczególnych parametrów procesu ewakuacji począwszy od przypuszczalnego czasu ewakuacji obiektu, poprzez rozkład wykorzystania poszczególnych dróg ewakuacyjnych, na wpływie rozprzestrzeniającego się pożaru na ewakuujące się osoby kończąc. Najczęściej używane programy do modelowania procesu ewakuacji to m.in. Simulex, FDS+Evac, Vissim. Aktualnie oprogramowanie do modelo...

Buildings’ environmental conditions were changed drastically around the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic hazards and restrictions. New social distance rules and organizational changes in the buildings appeared to require a modified fire safety evacuation analysis. The total number of building users under the revised requirements was often limited. Some additional restrictions, such as the reduction of evacuation exit availability, could cause escape problems in the case of fire. In order to determine how the pandemic restrictions could influence the evacuation conditions, a sports hall building was used to assess the impact of the restrictions on evacuation strategies. The research covered test evacuation simulations using the ‘Pathfinder’ modelling software, as well as manual calculations of the expected evacuation time. It was found that the pandemic social distance requirements could cause adverse evacuation conditions in the case of fire. The research helped formulate a simple mathematical algorithm for determining safety evacuation parameters under pandemic restrictions. Practical application The surrounding conditions for new buildings are driven by the reduction of social distances imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. It has been found that pandemic social distancing can significantly extend the time of the evacuation of people. This article proposes a new simple mathematical algorithm for determining the evacuation parameters under pandemic restrictions, which allows the estimation of the required minimum width of emergency exits. This is a practical tool for those responsible for ensuring safety in buildings.

Objective: Evacuation is a broad concept encompassing many forms of movement in the event of an emergency. Definitions of evacuation are different in many standards and publications in the field of fire safety engineering. The introduction of a unified version of the definition will allow for a precise description of this process. The diversity of its forms and types in the literature on the subject requires the introduction of an appropriate classification. This will allow for systematization of various forms of evacuation and conducting more precise research on individual types of the evacuation process. Introduction: The evacuation process takes into account the possibility of moving not only people, but also animals and property from a place of danger to a currently safe place. It is a process that does not always take place in an organized or orderly way, and its effect is to leave the place of danger by all people. The complexity of the evacuation process allows it to be divided due to various forms, ways of conducting it, or objects subject to evacuation. In the literature on the subject, many definitions of various forms of evacuation have been formed, i.e. general, phase, organized, self-evacuation, indepen- dent, rescue, primary, gradual, selective, sequential, full, preventive, partial, successful, total, successful, successful, secondary, primary, intervention, managed, directed, unmanaged, I degree, II degree, III degree, etc. Methodology: The authors reviewed the available definitions of the concept of evacuation and proposed a new definition to describe the process in more general terms. In addition, the authors conducted a review of the forms of evacuation and its classification occurring in scientific publications within the national scope. As a result of the detailed analysis, a preliminary classification of individual determinations of the evacuation process was made. Conclusions: The concept of evacuation has a much broader meaning than the current definitions of this process. The analysis shows that evacuation should be defined as a process of moving people, animals or property from a place of danger to a place currently safe. For the purposes of this article, a total of more than 25 evacuation process determinations have been identified, which have been classified into 12 categories. Progress in many areas, i.e. construction, development of transport and urban infrastructure and the occurrence of public demonstrations/events, affects the need to verify existing definitions for the needs of new conditions. The publication aims to draw attention to the need to introduce a systematic analysis of the classification of the evacuation process. Such classification will allow for the proper identification of all kinds of variables that have different effects on different forms of this process. The introduction of such a division will allow the use of appropriate measures, tools and procedures to ensure an adequate level of human safety. The carried out categorization may be the basis for identifying the risks that may occur during individual forms of evacuation. Keywords: evacuation, evacuation definition, types of evacuation, fire safety Type of article: review article

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