Given the introduction of new therapies targeting specific immune pathways for atopic dermatitis, information on the economic burden of patients with atopic dermatitis is needed. In 90 adult patients with atopic dermatitis indicated for systemic treatment, direct costs (including medication use and healthcare resource utilization) and costs due to reduced work productivity were calculated. Total costs (including directs and costs of productivity loss) were €15,231 per patient per year for the total group and €20,695 for patients with uncontrolled disease vs. €11,287 for patients with controlled disease. Costs of productivity loss had the larger impact on total costs. These data indicate that patients with atopic dermatitis using systemic immunosuppressive treatment incur considerable direct costs and costs of productivity loss. Given the introduction of new therapies targeting specific immune pathways for atopic dermatitis (AD), information on the economic burden of AD patients is needed. Direct costs (medication use and healthcare resource utilization) and costs of productivity loss were studied in 90 adult patients with AD indicated for systemic treatment. Costs were calculated for patients with controlled (Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) 0-2) and uncontrolled (IGA 3-5) disease at inclusion. Mean (95% confidence interval (95% CI)) total direct costs were €5,191 (€4,382-6,019) per patient per year (PPY), €4,401 (€3,695-5,215) for patients with controlled AD vs. €6,993 (€5,552-8,406), mean difference €2,593 (€820-4,282) (p=0.014) for patients with uncontrolled AD. Costs of productivity loss were €10,040 (€6,260-14,012) PPY for the total group, €6,886 (€4,188-10,129) PPY for patients with controlled AD vs. €13,702 (€6,124-22,996) for patients with uncontrolled AD, mean difference €6,816 (-€1,638-16,677; p=0.148). Total costs (direct costs+costs of productivity loss) were €15,231 (€11,487-19,455) PPY for the total group, €11,287 (€7,974-15,436) for patients with controlled AD vs. €20,695 (€14,068-34,564), mean difference €9,408 (-€119-19,964) (p=0.077) for patients with uncontrolled AD. Patients with AD using systemic immunosuppressive treatment incur considerable direct costs and costs of productivity loss.

Introduction: Fibrocystic changes are considered as common and benign changes in the breast tissue. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pathologic changes Including fibrocystic changes, hyperplasia, and carcinoma in breast tissue specimens of patients underwent reduction Mammoplasty.Methods: 128 consecutive patients over a period of 5 years from 2007 to 2012, who were admitted at the Rasool-Akram, Firoozgar, and Sadr Hospitals for reduction mammoplasty, were investigated in this study. In all patients an average of 500 grams of breast tissue from each side during mammoplasty was sent for pathologic evaluation. The variables measured in the study included age, fibrocystic changes, and hyperplastic changes in the pathology specimens of these patients. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 18 software. Results: 71 patients (55.5%) had fibrocystic changes. 6 patients (4.7%) were reported to have hyperplasia. Carcinoma was not observed in any of the samples. The prevalence of fibrocystic changes increased with age. Hyperplastic changes were not associated with age and with fibrocystic changes. But it was the most common in the ages between 31 and 40 years. Conclusion: Fibrocystic breast changes are common, and their prevalence increases with age. However, they are not associated with hyperplasia and cancer risk.