Purpose: To explore the selection, use, and reporting of theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) in implementation studies that promoted healthy eating in center-based childcare. Data Source: We searched 11 databases for articles published between January 1990 and October 2018. We also conducted a hand search of studies and consulted subject matter experts. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: We included studies in center-based settings for preschoolers that addressed the development, delivery, or evaluation of interventions or implementation strategies related to healthy eating and related subjects and that explicitly used TMF. Exclusion criteria include not peer reviewed or abstracts and not in English, French, German, and Korean. Data Extraction: The first author extracted the data using extraction forms. A second reviewer verified data extraction. Data Synthesis: Direct content analysis and narrative synthesis. Results: We identified 8222 references. We retained 38 studies. Study designs included quasi-experimental, randomized controlled trials, surveys, case studies, and others. The criteria used most often for selecting TMFs were description of a change process (n = 12; 23%) or process guidance (n = 8; 15%). Theories, models, and frameworks used targeted different socioecological levels and purposes. The application of TMF constructs (e.g., factors, steps, outcomes) was reported 69% (n = 34) of times. Conclusion: Reliance on TMFs focused on individual-level, poor TMF selection, and application and reporting for the development of implementation strategies could limit TMF utility.

BackgroundThis paper describes the impact of COVID-19 during the first month of containment measures on organisations involved in the emergency food response in one region of the UK and the emerging nutrition insecurity. This is more than eradicating hunger but considers availability of support and health services and the availability of appropriate foods to meet individual requirements. In particular, this paper considers those in rural communities, from lower socioeconomic groups or underlying health conditions.MethodsSemistructured professional conversations informed the development of a questionnaire which gathered insights from five organisations involved with the emergency food response in the South East, England, UK. Descriptive themes were derived though inductive analysis and are further discussed in relation to UK government food support measures and early published data.ResultsFour themes emerged from conversations, including: (1) increasing demand, (2) meeting the needs of specific groups, (3) awareness of food supply and value of supporting local and (4) concerns over sustainability. All organisations mentioned changes in practice and increased demand for emergency food solutions. Positive, rapid and innovative changes helped organisations to adapt to containment restrictions and to meet the needs of vulnerable people. Although concern was raised with regards to meeting the specific needs of those with underlying health conditions and the sustainability of current efforts.ConclusionConsiderable gaps in food provision were identified, as well as concerns regarding increased long-term food and nutrition insecurity. The paper makes recommendations to improve nutrition security for the future and considers the lessons learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic. The generalisability of these early insights is unknown but these real-time snapshops can help to direct further research and evaluation.

This study aimed to elaborate and validate the content of an instrument to evaluate the knowledge about bodybuilding, diet and supplementation. This is a study in which a content validation protocol was applied to physical education and nutrition professionals to judge the items. For this, 25 multiple choice items were elaborated with four alternatives, with only one correct one. To evaluate the items by experts, we used an instrument developed by the author himself, the Content Validation Protocol (PVC), which was used as a way of analysis and judgment of the items for judges evaluating this research. The PVC was structured to analyze the clarity and the level of relevance of the items on a four-point likert scale, where the former was considered "not relevant" and the latter as "very relevant", this process was individualized by question. After being submitted to the experts and analyzed by the Content Validity Index (IVC), 22 items were validated and could be applied in future research.

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