Enrollment in courses taught remotely in higher education has been on the rise, with a recent surge in response to a global pandemic. While adapting this form of teaching, instructors familiar with traditional face-to-face methods are now met with a new set of challenges, including students not turning on their cameras during synchronous How to cite this article: Castelli FR, Sarvary MA. Why students do not turn on their video cameras during online classes and an equitable and inclusive plan to encourage them to do so. Ecol

Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an invasive herbivore that poses a serious risk to Opuntia cacti in North America. Knowledge of the ßight behavior of the cactus moth is crucial for a better understanding of natural dispersal, and for both monitoring and control. We used computer-linked ßight mills to investigate diel ßight activity and ßight performance in relation to gender, age, mating status, and body size. Maximal ßight activity for both mated and unmated moths occurred during twilight, whereas ßight activity was low during photophase. The total distance ßown and the number of initiated ßights within a diel cycle were higher in both unmated and mated females than in males, but the longest single ßight was similar in both genders. These Þndings suggest that pheromone trap captures of males likely indicate the simultaneous presence of females and that mated females might even be in areas where males are not detected yet. Flight performance heterogeneity was large, with a small portion of the population (both males and females) performing long unbroken ßights, whereas the majority made short ßights. Females had higher pupal and adult body size and shorter longevity than males. A few individuals, particularly young mated females, ßying long distances may be important for active spread of a population and the colonization of new habitats. Implications of this study in the control of the cactus moth by using the sterile insect technique are discussed.

1 To improve the monitoring of the invasive European woodwasp, both sexes of Sirex noctilio were studied in a walk-in wind tunnel. We evaluated three trap types: unbaited traps, traps baited with a three-component pheromone lure and traps baited with a commercial Sirex kairomone lure and ultraviolet light. 2 When no lure was present, the black intercept trap caught more females than the clear jar trap. The increase in pheromone concentration from 0.1 to 1 mg increased the capture of females, and not males, in the black intercept panel trap. Both of these findings suggest that the visual cues provided by the black intercept trap play an important role in attraction for females. 3 Capture rates between unbaited clear versus black intercept traps did not differ but the addition of a ultraviolet light increased trap efficacy. Intercept traps baited with light were more attractive than the commercial kairomone lure. 4 Both olfactory and visual cues were found to play important roles in the response of S. noctilio to traps. A black trap may enhance the capture of females, whereas the addition of ultraviolet light could enhance capture for both sexes. Integrating these different components may help in developing an improved species-specific trap for S. noctilio.

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Biology laboratory courses with hands-on activities faced many challenges when switched to online instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic. The transition back to in-person instruction presents an opportunity to redesign courses with greater student input.